What Is Robustness in Statistics

In statistics, the  term robust or robustness refers to the strength of a statistical model, tests, and procedures according to the specific conditions of the statistical analysis a study hopes to achieve. Given that these conditions of a study are met, the models can be verified to be true through the use of mathematical proofs. Many models are based upon ideal situations that do not exist when working with real-world data, and, as a result, the model may provide correct results even if the conditions are not met exactly. Robust statistics, therefore, are any statistics that yield good performance when data is drawn from a wide range of probability distributions that are largely unaffected by outliers or small departures from model assumptions in a given dataset. In other words, a robust statistic is resistant to errors in the results. One way to observe a commonly held robust statistical procedure, one needs to look no further than t-procedures, which use hypothesis tests to determine the most accurate statistical predictions. Observing T-Procedures For an example of robustness, we will consider t-procedures, which include the confidence interval  for a population mean with unknown population standard deviation as well as hypothesis tests about the population mean. The use of t-procedures assumes the following: The set of data that we are working with is a simple random sample of the population.The population that we have sampled from is normally distributed. In practice with real-life examples, statisticians rarely have a population that is normally distributed, so the question instead becomes, â€Å"How robust are our t-procedures?† In general the condition that we have a simple random sample is more important than the condition that we have sampled from a normally distributed population; the reason for this is that the central limit theorem ensures a sampling distribution that is approximately normal — the greater our sample size, the closer that the sampling distribution of the sample mean is to being normal. How T-Procedures Function as Robust Statistics So robustness for t-procedures hinges on sample size and the distribution of our sample. Considerations for this include: If the samples size is large, meaning that we have 40 or more observations, then t-procedures can be used even with distributions that are skewed.If the sample size is between 15 and 40, then we can use t-procedures for any shaped distribution, unless there are outliers or a high degree of skewness.If the sample size is less than 15, then we can use t- procedures for data that have no outliers, a single peak, and are nearly symmetric. In most cases, robustness has been established through technical work in mathematical statistics, and, fortunately, we do not necessarily need to do these advanced mathematical  calculations in order to properly utilize them; we only need to understand what the overall guidelines are for the robustness of our specific statistical method. T-procedures function as robust statistics because they typically yield good performance per these models by factoring in the size of the sample into the basis for applying the procedure.

Cell Phones Are Ordinary Today - 1670 Words

Cell phones are ordinary today. Very nearly everybody has one. My grandma conveys an iPhone and my dad – a man who once swore he d never convey a telephone with him anyplace – slaps a Samsung Galaxy S III with an OtterBox case on his hip each morning. It wasn t generally so. I was the main individual at my secondary school – educators and organization included – with a cell phone. To start with, I had the Moto Q, then the BlackBerry Pearl 8130, trailed by the Curve 8330. Furthermore, that is the place my story started, in 2006, taking lesson notes (read: playing Brick Breaker and Asteroids) on an incredible QWERTY console about a large portion of the palm s extent of my hand. Trust it or not, cell phone history backtracks over 10 years before that. Things were †¦ intriguing in those days. In the first place, what is a cell phone? Turns out, the real definition, regardless of the source, is very ambiguous. Merriam-Webster compactly calls a cell phone a PDA that incorporates extra programming capacities (as email or an Internet program). Oxford Dictionaries, then again, gets somewhat more exact by saying a cell phone has the capacity perform a hefty portion of the elements of a PC, commonly having a moderately expansive screen and a working framework equipped for running universally useful applications. In any case, there is an almost negligible difference between what is and isn t a cell phone nowadays, regardless of the fact that the purported moronic orShow MoreRelatedEssay On Registering Empowers767 Words   |  4 Pagesstatement Mobile computing may be used will depict those use about registering gadgets - which Concerning illustration a standard interface Previously, A percentage manifestation with An vital information schema - same time a long way starting with the ordinary, altered working natures domain. Portable registering improvement empowers those portable master to: 1. Create; 2. Access; 3. Methodology; 4. Store; Whats more 5. Correspondence majority of the data without being obliged with An absolute zone.Read MoreCell Phones And Its Impact On Society1575 Words   |  7 Pagesthe father of the cell phone Martin Cooper, over 90% of people, just in the United States, possess his creation in their pockets (Mobile Technology Fact Sheet). Little did he know that these com plex devices could grow to their current demand and start to pose a danger to society. Cell phones are a detrimental technology that is disrupting our way of life. The creator of the mobile phone, Martin Cooper, had an interesting history leading him up to the invention of the cell phone. Born on DecemberRead MoreCell Phones And Its Effect On Our Lives1612 Words   |  7 PagesFollowing the time when the mid 1980s, phones have been rapidly moving their route into our commonplace lives, particularly with the presentation of cam telephones in the early part of the new thousand years. 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Equestrian Farms Rebuild a Broken Mind and a Fractured Heart free essay sample

The need for an open mind and welcoming thoughts is great when walking into any type of barn. If one walks into a barn with a mindset that is trapped and fixed, they are only going to notice the things they want to notice. They will not see what makes barns special places for the people in them or understand the reasons why these barns are so loved. If one thinks a barn is going to be dirty, then it’s going to be dirty. However, if one does not have premade notions before they enter, they may see the beautiful wonders I see. They may get a glimpse of how barns have altered who I am, and how barns in Hadley and Acton have taught me how to love and take care of myself. But for those things to be seen, a mind has to be kept open and ready for any situation ahead of them. Some people will walk into a beautifully renovated barn and think, wow, everyone who boards here must be rich, arrogant â€Å"equestrians†. If that were the case, I would have walked right out. I would not have explored the dusty tack room up the still creaky stairs or the small office, with a window so large it does not seem to actually fit the wall, in which the atmosphere is warm and friendly with a hint of sophistication. If these people thought they were truly above the world, I would have turned around and never looked back. I would never have wanted to interact with riders who looked down upon me because I was inexperienced or be viewed as one of those ‘arrogant equestrians’ because of their upscale barn. Yet, what I saw were people who cared deeply for their horses and built strong relationships with them. I had always assumed that animals just lived in a cold and musty barn, but fortunately I was wrong and developed relationships of my own. Acton is the home of a renowned dressage barn, and though it is not where I reside or come from, it is still a place very close to my heart. In this barn, only I can see the stains where tears dripped as Jigger was put down. Only I notice the small cracks in the arena mirror when Saphron threw Sally off and the steps I climbed to reach the saddle for my first ride. Others may be enamored by the intricate lights hanging over each horse stall or the ribbons on display showing only the prestige of the riders’ discipline. When I see the lights I notice the way they illuminate each horse and when I glance at the ribbons nailed to the wall I see each riders’ dedication. I look at them and they remind me of the kind of person I strive to be: persistent until I achieve my goals. I’ve reached my own goals of gaining self worth and understanding how to cope with things in a way that’s healthy and not destructive. It’s taken awhile, but my persistence and det ermination have gotten me there. I had heard about this barn in November of 2014 from a friend who suffered from mental illnesses similar to mine at the time. She said it had helped her and I told my mother, who then brought me to meet the barn owner, Jane, and the both of us thought it would be a wonderful idea to ride horses. In this barn, I would learn about connections, boundaries, and esteem through the silent communication between a rider and horse. My journey began with a rescue thoroughbred, Tucker, and I rode him constantly. He was the one I had learned to communicate better with, but when I first met Tucker, he was stubborn and lazy; I had to show him what I wanted with my body movements while riding to tell him what I wanted him to do, as if I didn’t, he would do as he pleased. When we fell into one rhythm together, I was finally able to understand the importance of expressing my thoughts. I would relax and so would he. This way, he also taught me how to cope when I was tense and afraid. He caused me to be open and let my feelings out when I wanted to keep them locked up inside. We were beautiful together when we rode as one being.One day his owner decided to take him away. I never knew why and it was agonizing to say goodbye before I left for school. When I brought him back to the grazing field, we stood next to each other and he let me twist his knotted mane through my fingers. I gave him one last hug, allowing the warmth and love of his body to flood my own. In that field, unaware of what was going to happen, I gave him a soft kiss on the nose and told him he was the one I had grown to love. Saying goodbye was hard. This wasn’t simply because of my love for Tucker; it was because I was parting with the creature who had taught me how to speak again. I was cutting away a part of myself, the part of myself that was broken and never knew how to cope. I was leaving the destructive part with Tucker, the piece of me that had hurt myself and didn’t stop until he had taught me how to. Saying goodbye to him in that field was saying goodbye to the girl who ran away from her problems and fears and it hurt. This barn was the first place I had to acknowledge my problems. Though I see the barn as a place to escape from the harsh world around me, I do not necessarily use it as one. Walking through the barn, I am able to compare it to myself. When workers are cleaning and tending to the horses, it makes me realize I need to take care of myself to keep a healthy state; the barn cannot run without people to maintain it and I cannot function without putting myself first sometimes. When the pathways are dusty they remind me of how I let my mind cloud sometimes and I need to clear it up so the reasonable thoughts can get through. Then there is the beauty of the barn. The beauty of riders and their horses dancing along to music in a freestyle. What I’ve always seen as ugly and horrid in the mirror was just like the dusty floors- a clouded view, yet this beauty of the barn has allowed me to realize there’s also beauty in myself. Some people will walk into a barn that looks as if it’s on the brink of death and say to themselves, these people clearly don’t have money. I can’t believe they even own this place! If I continued to think disdainful thoughts towards the barn, as I originally had, I would be just like all of the other prejudicial people I deplore. But in having even a single faulty thought of the old barn, I had become one of those people. I had, in that moment, established a connection between themselves and me. The same people who disapprove and judge a barn based on its exterior solely are the ones who have not gotten the chance to see what its entirety is surprisingly about. In Hadley, what people perceive is a barn barely salvaged or horses too stubborn and old to ride. I began riding here in the fall of freshman year. My first ride here took place in its indoor arena, which looks corporate at a glance, but I recall the time a horse threw me off and broke my back. He was the first horse I had ridden at Hadley and I had grown very fond of him. After every lesson I would thank him for letting me ride. He knew how to calm me down by leaning his head on my shoulder and though he was certainly not the easiest horse to catch, it was these times I knew he loved me like I loved him. When together, we spoke in head nods and whinnies, scratching, snorting and whimpers. It was a relationship I’d never had before and I felt loved. Sadly, he had lost my trust, but it’s making its way back. The fall had broken my back, but it also broke the relationship I had with Patriot. Most people would look at him after that and add their mislead image of the barn to decide to leave and go elsewhere, but I was not going to back out because of the bad situation. Because of that experience I’m learning to trust again in a new, cautious way. I do not just accept people into my life. I take a look and analyze their actions and how they speak before I make a decision to trust them. I have to know a person first, or even a horse for that matter, before I can open up and let them into my thoughts and feelings. I cannot develop trust with someone if I think they are going to break it. These barns and the experiences that accompanied have changed my perspective on myself and the world. I realize now I must be grateful for the things I have as they could vanish in an instant. The world can be a devastating place or one of love; It’s how you choose to see it. I discovered that I have more love, forgiveness, and empathy in me than anyone thought. Horses and their homes are the same as people and theirs when a parallel is drawn between a barn world and ours. Whether each barn prompts heartache or a small loss of certainty, they are a source of comfort in the least expected place. Companionship with a horse is a special kind of relationship you cannot find anywhere but in a barn. Horses are enchanting, elegant, forgiving, and judge me for who I am in the moment, not by the mistakes I’ve made in the past. They love me not for my appearance, but for how I speak to them with a soft, loving voice and pet them gently in between the ears. This companionship I had anxiously sought for and could not find with people is what drew me to horses and the barns I now cherish and adore. A barn that is new and a barn that is old- they will enchant and alter one’s perception if a moment is taken to step inside the wooden doors with welcoming thoughts.

Sister Emmanuelle Her Life Essays - Emmanuelle, Softcore Pornography

Sister Emmanuelle Her Life ?Sister Emmanuelle- Her Life of Accomplishments' A: Summary of Sister Emmanuelle's Life Sister Emmanuelle was Christened Madeleine Cinquin and was born in Brussels on the 16th of November 1908. She was one of three children to Berthe Lenssens and Jules Cinquin. Madeliene's father tragically drowned when she was six during a beach side holiday. She grew up in Belgium, yet during the First World War, her mother moved them to Paris for a year, and then returned to Belgium one year later. She was taught English by a British Governess and excelled in her schoolwork. By the age of twelve, Madeleine wanted to be a nun. She was inspired by Father Damien, a Catholic Priest who helped Leprosy sufferers in Hawaii. After reading about acts of charity, Madeleine Cinquin decided to use all her efforts to helping those who were not as fortunate as she was. She joined the ?Order of Our Lady of Sion' and changed her name to Sister Emmanuelle when she took her vows in 1923. Emmanuelle means ?God is with us'. She taught in convent schools for ?well off' children, but Sister Emmanuelle felt that she should use her teaching skills to educate those less fortunate children, so she discontinued teaching in Turkey and Tunisia and seeked in helping those in Egypt. A Pope's representative heard of Sister Emmanuelle wishes and suggested she helped the thousands of refuse collectors known as the ?zabaleen' in Egypt. The zabaleen, which means ?filth or rubbish', lived on the outskirts of Egypt at a rubbish dump called Ezbet El Nakhl. Ezbet El Nakhl was a dirty place inhabited by refuse collectors who collected the rubbish of Egypt for very little pay and lived in a poor, dirty and unhygienic place where the rubbish of Egypt was stored and sorted. The children were uneducated and had no way of entertaining themselves so they got into trouble. Sister Emmanuelle moved into Ezbet El Nakhl in 1971 and lived in a small one roomed hut with very few possessions. She was 60 years old at the time. She decided to give up her luxuries and live like the many zabaleen friends that she had made. She traveled into the city everyday at 5 o'clock in the morning for mass at the city convent. Sister Emmanuelle lived with very little food and had to put up with the many problems that the zabaleen lived with, like white worms in food supplies and housing, fleas and disease. Sister Emmanuelle had not been at Ezbet El Nakhl long when she decided to open a school in her spare room. She accepted any child of any religion who was willing to learn. Sister Emmanuelle took her small class on many field trips to Egypt and for many, it was their first time into Egypt apart from collecting rubbish. She opened a school for men and many showed up to learn the Arabic alphabet. Sister Emmanuelle was desperate for a youth club and center to help the Zabaleen. She set about collecting 15 000 from the local charities and help funds around Europe. She finally achieved this two years later. A kitchen, club, pool, football field and lounge was set up for the youth of the Ezbet El Nakhl. She called it the 'Salam Center,' which is Arabic for peace. It was opened on the 29th of March in 1979 and the center also provides social, medical, cultural and educational help. When Sister Emmanuelle was satisfied with her work at Ezbet El Nakhl, she moved on to Mokkatam; a refuse collector's dump which was in worse condition than Ezbet El Nakhl. Sister Emmanuelle started the work of collecting money from charities to build a factory for composting material, which she finally achieved. Sister Emmanuelle's work in the rubbish slums contributed greatly to the progress and living conditions in the refuse collector's lives. Even at 77 years of age, she was still collecting money for the refuse collectors. B. Sister Emmanuelle's Christian Motivation In Sister Emanuelle's early life, she was heavily influenced by Christian faith and many Christians were her motivation. Through influential beings, Sister Emmanuelle became a person who was willing to help others and devote her skills for the needs of others. When Sister Emmanuelle was