Mkt 421 Final Exam

1) According to the text, marketing means: A. Selling. B. Much more than selling and advertising. C. Producing and selling. D. Advertising. 2) For Tesla, a new firm that makes an electric sports car, estimating how many competitors will make electric vehicles and what kinds they will make, is: A. A production activity. B. One of the universal functions of innovation. C. An example of the micro-macro dilemma. D. A part of marketing. 3) Which of the following statements best describes the modern view of marketing? A. Marketing should take over production, accounting, and financial services within a firm.B. The job of marketing is to get rid of whatever the company is producing. C. Marketing is concerned with generating a single exchange between a firm and a customer. D. Marketing begins with anticipating potential customer needs. 4) Professional Dental Supply has been successfully selling dental instruments to dentists for the past 20 years, and has developed strong customer relations. When looking for new marketing opportunities, Professional Dental Supply will most likely look first at A. Market development. B. Diversification. C. Product development. D. Market penetration. ) To compete more successfully with its many competitors offering packaged cookies, Famous Amos added its own line of extra chunky premium cookies. This seems to be an effort at: A. Market development. B. Market penetration. C. Product development. D. Combination. 6) Which of the following statements regarding marketing strategies is FALSE? A. Developing successful marketing strategies does not need to be a hit-or-miss proposition. B. These strategies must meet the needs of target customers, and a firm is likely to get a competitive advantage if it just meets needs in the same way as some other firm. C.These strategies require decisions about the specific customers the firm will target and the marketing mix the firm will develop to appeal to that target market. D. It is useful to think of th e marketing strategy planning process as a narrowing-down process. 7) A firm's marketing mix decision areas would NOT include: A. Price B. People C. Product D. Promotion 8) Which of the following is true? A. The product P in the marketing mix stands for only tangible merchandise. B. The product P in the marketing mix stands for both physical goods and services. C. The product P in the marketing mix stands for both physical goods and tangible D.The product P in the marketing mix stands for only physical goods. 9) Product is NOT concerned with: A. Wholesale price. B. Branding. C. Packaging. D. Quality level. 10) Dell, Inc. wants to offer customers televisions in addition to computers. This is a change in their _____________________ A. personnel. B. promotional. C. product. D. pricing. 11) Hewlett-Packard sells personal computers through specialty computer stores, electronics superstores, and its own Internet site. The marketing mix variable that is being considered here is: A. Product . B. Placement. C. Promotional. D. Pricing. 2) The ______ area of the marketing mix is concerned with decisions about getting the right product to the target market when and where it is wanted. A. Promotion B. Place C. People D. Product 13) The main difference between a marketing strategy and a marketing plan is that: A. A marketing strategy provides more detail. B. A marketing strategy omits pricing plans. C. A marketing plan includes several marketing strategies. D. Time-related details are included in a marketing plan. 14) A marketing plan is: A. A marketing strategy—plus the time-related details for carrying it out. B. A target market and a related marketing mix.C. A marketing strategy. D. A marketing program. 15) Which of the following is part of a complete marketing plan? A. Competitors' marketing strategies. B. What company resources (costs) are required and at what rate. C. How different marketing mixes (for different target markets) relate to each other. D. All of th ese. 16) Marketing strategy planners should recognize that: A. Large firms like General Electric, Target, and Procter & Gamble are too large to aim at clearly defined markets. B. Target marketing is not limited to small market segments. C. Mass marketing is often very effective and desirable. D.Target markets should not be large and spread out. 17) Target marketing, in contrast to mass marketing, A. Ignores markets that are large and spread out. B. Focuses on fairly homogeneous market segments. C. Assumes that all customers are basically the same. D. Is limited to small market segments. 18) Good marketing strategy planners know that: A. Mass marketing is often very desirable and effective. B. The terms mass marketing and mass marketer mean basically the same thing. C. Target marketing does not limit one to small market segments. D. Firms like Nabisco and WalMart are too large to aim at clearly defined target markets. 9) ______________ is the process of naming broad product-markets a nd then segmenting these broad product-markets in order to select target markets and develop suitable marketing mixes. A. Mass marketing B. Market positioning C. Diversification D. Market segmentation 20) Clustering techniques applied to segmenting markets A. Usually require computers to group people based on data from market research. B. Remove the need for managerial judgment. C. Eliminate the need for marketing managers to specify in advance what dimensions might be relevant for grouping consumers. D. All of the above are true. 1) The process of naming broad product-markets and then segmenting them in order to select target markets and develop suitable marketing mixes is called: A. Market development. B. Market penetration. C. Market research. D. Market segmentation. 22) Procedures that develop and analyze new information to help marketing managers make decisions are called: A. Analytical research. B. Strategy planning. C. Marketing research. D. Operational planning. 23) ________ ________ ________________ utilizes qualitative and quantitative analysis procedures to help marketing managers make more informed decisions. A. Marketing structure.B. Marketing planning. C. Marketing research. D. Marketing processing. 24) A ______________ is an organized way of continually gathering and analyzing data to get information to help marketing managers make ongoing decisions. A. Marketing research project B. Marketing information system C. Marketing research department D. Marketing model 25) Marketing research which seeks structured responses that can be summarized is called: A. Qualitative research. B. Focus group research. C. Situation analysis research. D. Quantitative research. 26) One of the major disadvantages of the focus group interview approach is hat A. It is difficult to get in-depth information about the research topic. B. It is difficult to measure the results objectively. C. There is no interviewer, so the research questions may not be answered. D. Ideas gen erated by the group cannot be tested later with other research. 27) Focus groups: A. Always do a good job of representing the broader target market. B. Yield results that are largely dependent on the viewpoint of the researcher. C. Are expensive compared to other marketing research methods. D. Are usually composed of 10 to 15 people as participants. 28) The observing method in marketing research:A. Is used to gather data without consumers being influenced by the process. B. May require customers to change their normal shopping behavior. C. Is not suitable for obtaining primary data. D. Uses personal interviews. 29) The attitudes and behavior patterns of people are part of the A. Competitive environment. B. Social and cultural environment. C. Firm's resources and objectives. D. Political environment. 30) Which of the following statements about consumer products is true? A. Specialty products are those that customers usually are least willing to search for. B.Shopping products are tho se products for which customers usually want to use routinized buying behavior. C. Unsought products are not shopped for at all. D. Convenience products are those that customers want to buy at the lowest possible price. 31) ______________ is the process of naming broad product-markets and then segmenting these broad product-markets in order to select target markets and develop suitable marketing mixes. A. Mass marketing B. Strategic planning C. Market positioning D. Market segmentation 32) Which is the first step in market segmentation? A. Naming a broad product-market of interest to the firm.B. Evaluating market segments to determine if they are large enough. C. Finding one or two demographic characteristics to divide up the whole mass market. D. Clustering people with similar needs into a market segment. 33) The first step in market segmentation should be: A. Finding a demographic group likely to use your products. B. Defining some broad product-markets where you may be able to op erate profitably. C. Deciding what new product you could develop. D. Evaluating what segment(s) you currently serve. 34) Which of the following is NOT one of the text's product life cycle stages?A. Market introduction B. Market growth C. Market maturity D. Market penetration 35) The product life cycle: A. Applies more to individual brands than to categories or types of products. B. Shows that sales and profits tend to move together over time. C. Describes the stages a new product idea goes through from beginning to end. D. Has five major stages. 36) Tom and Sally Jones are preparing to purchase a new car. He currently has a Toyota Camry and she has a Honda Accord. They now have two children under age 5, so they plan to trade in Sally's car to purchase a minivan.Sally and Tom decided on a Honda Odyssey because Sally is familiar with Hondas and thinks they are very reliable. In this purchase situation, Tom and Sally's family life cycle stage is a _____________ segmentation dimension, and the benefit Sally seeks (reliability) is a _____________ segmentation dimension. A. Geographic; behavioral. B. Demographic; geographic. C. Geographic; demographic. D. Demographic; behavioral. 37) Regarding product life cycles, which of the following is NOT true? A. It is usually expensive for a new firm to enter in the market maturity stage. B.Industry profits are likely to level off or decline before sales level off. C. The level of promotion usually decreases in market maturity because there is less revenue to cover the cost. D. Many close substitutes are usually competing in the market maturity stage. 38) An industry's sales have leveled off and profits are declining in oligopolistic competition. Consumers see competing products as homogeneous. Several firms have dropped out of the industry, but a new one entered recently. Firms in the industry are trying to avoid price-cutting by spending on persuasive advertising.These firms are competing in which stage of the product life cycle? A. Market introduction B. Market growth C. Market maturity D. Market development 39) During the market introduction stage of the product life cycle: A. Funds are being invested in marketing with the expectation of future profits. B. Considerable money is spent on promotion while place development is left until later stages. C. Products usually show large profits if marketers have successfully carved out new markets. D. Most potential customers are quite anxious to try out the new-product concept. 40) Advertising allowances A.Set the allowance amount as a percent of the retailer's actual purchases. B. Are price reductions to firms further along in the channel to encourage them to advertise or otherwise promote the firm's products locally. C. Involve intermediaries and producers sharing in the cost of ads. D. Allow for coordination and integration of ad messages in the channel. 41) SGCA is having a sales contest to encourage retailers to quickly reduce the inventory of SuperGam er computers. Retailers with the highest sales during the next month win an expense paid trip to a special dealer meeting at a resort in Hawaii. This is A.An example of a producer using sales promotion in the channel. B. Probably illegal because it might encourage price competition among retailers. C. An example of cooperative advertising. D. The type of promotion that continues to impact sales even after the promotion is over. 42) While watching a television program, Liza gets a phone call just as a commercial is starting. She presses the mute button on the television's remote control and takes the call, so she pays no attention to the commercial. In terms of the communication process, the telephone call is an example of: A. Feedback. B. Noise. C. Encoding.D. Decoding. 43) A producer using very aggressive promotion to get final consumers to ask intermediaries for a new product has: A. A pushing policy. B. A target marketing policy. C. A pulling policy D. A selective distribution po licy. 44) American Tourister, Inc. —a producer of luggage—is planning to introduce a new product line. The marketing manager is having her sales force call on retailers to explain American Tourister's consumer advertising plans, the unique features of the new luggage, how the distributors can best promote it, and what sales volume and profit margins they can reasonably expect.This is an example of: A. A pushing policy. B. Intensive distribution. C. A pulling policy. D. Selective distribution. 45) Integrated direct-response promotion: A. Is not necessary or useful when the channel of distribution involves intermediaries. B. Is usually part of a pushing effort rather than part of a pulling approach. C. Focuses on achieving a measurable, direct response from specific target customers. D. None of these are true. 46) Which of the following statements about positioning is NOT TRUE? A. It helps marketing managers know how customers view the firm's offering. B.It refers to how customers think about proposed or present brands in a market. C. It often makes use of techniques such as perceptual mapping. D. Positioning issues are especially important when competitors in a market are very dissimilar. 47) When segmenting broad product-markets, cost considerations tend A. To lead to a large number of small, but very homogeneous, product-market segments. B. To lead to more aggregating. C. To encourage managers to disregard the criterion that a product-market segment should be substantial. D. To be unimportant as long as the segmenting dimensions are operational. 48) Positioning analysis A.Shows that managers and customers usually view present brands similarly. B. Is not a product-oriented approach. C. Helps managers understand the actual characteristics of their products. D. Is a visual aid to understanding a product-market. 49) A _____ is a market with very similar needs and sellers offering various close substitute ways of satisfying those needs. A. Product-ma rket B. Target market C. Generic market D. Standard market 50) Which of the following is NOT a trend affecting marketing strategy planning in the area of international marketing? A. Decreasing role of airfreight. B. Global communication over the Internet.C. Tensions between have and have-not cultures. D. More attention to exporting by small companies. 51) When a company grows globally, this is an example of: A. Market penetration. B. Diversification. C. Market development D. Product development. 52) Identify the incorrect statement about sales promotions. A. The availability of more ad agencies and specialists has spurred growth in sales promotions. B. Changes in technology have made sales promotions more efficient. C. Sales promotions have increased because of competition in emerging markets. D. Sales promotions can be used as tools to overcome consumer price resistance. 3) Which of the following is a key trend affecting marketing strategy planning? A. Growth of marketing informati on systems. B. Less use of technology in personal selling. C. Senior and ethnic submarkets are getting smaller. D. Slower new-product development. 54) It is usually the _________ job, perhaps with help from specialists in technology, to decide what types of sales technology tools are needed and how they will be used. A. Purchasing manager's B. Marketing executive's C. Sales manager's D. Procurement manager's 55) The future poses many challenges for marketing managers because: A.Social responsibility applies only to firms—not to consumers. B. New technologies are making it easier to abuse consumers' rights to privacy. C. It is marketing managers who have full responsibility to preserve our macro-marketing system. D. The marketing concept has become obsolete. 56) Many Internet sites, such as Autobytel. com and Edmunds. com, have extensive information about the prices of new and used vehicles that anyone can use for free. In light of the availability of this information, what is the responsibility of consumers to use it? A. Consumers should not trust any information they receive from any source except the government.B. Consumers should not use it because it gives them an unfair advantage over car dealers. C. Consumers can use it, but should not feel a responsibility to do so. D. Consumers have a responsibility to use the information and be smarter customers. 57) Which of the following statements about ethical behavior in business is true? A. The legal environment sets the normative standards of ethical behavior. B. The legal environment sets the highest standards of ethical behavior. C. The legal environment sets the minimum standards of ethical behavior D. The legal environment sets the maximum standards of ethical behavior.

Group 1 Syllabus

G R O U P – I S E R V I C E S (HONS. DEGREE STANDARD) SCHEME OF EXAMINATION Minimum qualifying marks for consideration for Oral Test SC/ST/ B. Cs Oth PH ers Minimum qualifying marks for consideration for Selection SC/ST B. Cs. Othe /PH rs Maximum Marks Dura-tion Subject 1 SCREENING TEST General Studies & Mental Ability (Objective Type) 150 Questions. WRITTEN EXAMINATION (CONVENTIONAL TYPE) A. COMPULSORY SUBJECTS: General English Paper-I. General Essay Paper-II. i. History & Cultural heritage of India with emphasis on 20th century history of India. i. Social history of Andhra Pradesh i. e. , the history of various social and cultural movements in Andhra Pradesh iii. General overview of the Indian Constitution Paper-III: i) Planning in India & Indian Economy ii) Land Reforms and social changes in Andhra Pradesh after independence iii) Andhra Pradesh’s Economy, present status its strengths and weaknesses Paper-IV: i) The role and impact of Science & Technology in the devel opment of India with emphasis on the applied aspects ii) General awareness with the modern trends in life sciences. ii) Development and environmental problems Paper-V: i) Data appreciation and interpretation ii) The candidates will be asked to draw their own conclusion from the data presented in the tabular form in graphical or otherwise iii) Problem solving – duly structured situation will be presented to the candidates and they will be asked to suggest their own solutions to the problem arising out of situation. Alternatively, they may be called upon to prove the understanding of the situation by answering certain searching questions based on the situation TOTAL: 2 2? (Hours) 3 150 4 5 6 7 8 9 3 3 3 50 150 150 3 150 3 150 3 150 225. 00 262. 50 300. 00 750 75 B. ORAL TEST (INTERVIEW) 247. 50 288. 75 330. 00 GRAND TOTAL: 825 1 Other Important Points: 1. There will be a Screening Test (Objective type) comprising General Studies and Mental Ability. This test is meant for short- listing the number of candidates to be admitted to the Written (Conventional Type) Examination i. e. , consisting of six compulsory papers. The number of candidates to be admitted to the Written examination (conventional type) would be 50 times to the vacancies available at material time irrespective of Communities. . The papers except General English may be answered in English or Telugu or Urdu chosen by the candidates. However, a candidate is not permitted to write part of the paper in English and part of it in Telugu or Urdu. 3. Candidates must appear for all the papers in Main examination and Oral test, who qualified for the same. Absent in any of the above will be liable for disqualification. 4. The General English paper is for qualifying one and the standard of this paper is that of S. S. C. The minimum qualifying marks in this paper are 40% for O. Cs. , 35% for B. Cs. and 30% for SC/ST/PH. These marks are not counted for Ranking. 5. In the event of the S. C. and S. T. candidates not coming up for selection with the existing minimum prescribed for the selection in the competitive examination conducted by the Commission, their selection shall be considered on the basis of Rank with reference to their performance in the Written and Oral competitive examination. 6. Hall Tickets for admission to the Written Examination will be sent to the admitted candidates. There is no need to submit separate application for this purpose. After Written Examination, eligible candidates will be called for an Interview at the ratio of 1:2 with reference to the number of vacancies duly following the special representation as laid down in General Rule-22 of A. P. State and Subordinate Service Rules. Sd/- Secretary 10/01/2008 2 GROUP- I SERVICES SYLLABUS GENERAL STUDIES AND MENTAL ABILITY (SCREENING TEST – OBJECTIVE TYPE) 1. General Science – Contemporary developments in Science and Technology and their implications including matters of every day observation and experience, as may be expected of a well-educated person who has not made a special study of any scientific discipline. . Current events of national and international importance. 3. History of India – emphasis will be on broad general understanding of the subject in its social, economic, cultural and political aspects with a focus on AP Indian National Movement. 4. World Geography and Geography of India with a focus on AP. 5. Indian polity and E conomy – including the country’s political system- rural development – Planning and economic reforms in India. 6. Mental ability – reasoning and inferences. MAIN EXAMINATION (CONVENTIONAL TYPE) GENERAL ENGLISH (X CLASS STANDARD, QUALIFYING FOR INTERVIEW) . Comprehension 2. Precis-writing 3. Re-arrangement of sentences 4. Correction of sentences 5. Synonyms 6. Antonyms 7. Filling in the blanks 8. Correction of spellings 9. Vocabulary and usage 10. Idioms and phrases 11. Verb tenses 12. Prepositions 13. Active voice and Passive voice 14. Parts of speech PAPER-I GENERAL ESSAY (Candidate should write three Essays one from each section compulsorily. Each section contains three topics. Each Essay carries 50 marks. ) SECTION-I SECTION-II : Crisis management, Social problems, Analysis and solutions. Current events of national and international importance. SECTION –III : Current events relating to State of Andhra Pradesh. 3 PAPER-II SECTION-I HISTORY AND CU LTURAL HERITAGE OF INDIA WITH EMPHASIS ON 20TH CENTURY HISTORY OF INDIA 1. Indus Civilization – Vedic Civilization – Distinction between Indus Civilisation and Vedic Civilisation – Evolution of Varna, Jathi/caste system – Religious condition – Emergence of Religious Movements (Jainism, Buddhism and other sects) – Rise of Magadha Imperialism – Rise of Mahayana and Development of Art (Gandhara, Mathura and other Schools). . Advent of Islam and its impact – Influence of Islam on Indian Culture – Religious Movements – Nature and significance of Bhakti Movements – Growth of vernacular languages, literature, fine arts, architecture, monuments, Indo-Persian art and architecture – Vijayanagara empire and their contribution to art, literature and culture – socio-economic conditions, administration, fall of Vijayanagar empire – the Great Moghals and their contribution to Indian Fine Art, Architec ture and Fine Arts – Rise of Shivaji. . Stages of colonialism – changes in administrative structure and politics – factors leading for the British supremacy, assistance of Indian Powers and the causes of failures – Civil rebellions – Revolt of 1857 and its impact – Rise of nationalist consciousness and factors for the growth of Indian Nationalism and Freedom Struggle : Three Phases :1885-1905, 1905-1920, 1920-47 and significance of Gandhian Era. 4. Rise and growth of Socio-Religious-cultural – anti-caste, Dalit and non-Brahmin, Justice/selfrespect movements in modern India – Social reform organisations and role of intellectuals – Raja Ram Mohan Roy – Dayanand Saraswathi – Jyotiba Phule – Narayana Guru – Mahathma Gandhi – Ambedkar and others. 5. Nationalist Literature – growth of peasant and labour movements – role of leftist parties in antifeudal and anti-colonial struggles-rise and growth of Women’s movements – origin and growth of communalism – workers and peasant movements –freedom and partition of India; important historical events after independence. SECTION-II SOCIAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF ANDHRA PRADESH 1. The Satavahanas and their contribution – social structure – religious conditions – growth of literature and painting – Ikshvakus and their cultural contribution – Growth of Buddhism in Andhra Pradesh – The Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi and their importance – socio-cultural contribution – growth of Telugu language & Literature – education and learning – Religious Sects – growth of art and architecture. Socio- Cultural and Religious conditions in Andhra Desha between 1000 AD – 1565 AD Growth of Telugu Language and Literature – Nannaya- Molla etc. fine arts and architecture – Monuments – Significance – Contribution of Qutubshahis to Telugu language and Literature – Art- Architecture- Monuments. Modern Andhra – Socio-cultural awakening in Andhra – Brahma Samaj, Arya Samaj, Theosohica society – Adi-Andhra, Movements and role of Veereshalingam and others – Non-Brahmin, Adi- Andhra /Dalit and Justice/self – respect movements – Gurram Joshuva – Boyi Bheemanna – Sri Sri and others – Growth of Nationalist Movement in Andhra and the Andhra Leaders during the Freedom Struggle – Role of socialists – communists – antizamindari-kisan movements. Asafjahi Dynasty – socio-cultural awakening in Telangana -Adi-Hindu Movement – Nizam Rashtra Janasangham – Andhra Mahasabha – Andhra Saaraswata Parishat – The role of Hyderabad State Congress and Vandemataram Movement. Telangana People’s Armed Struggle – Ittehadul-Muslimeen – Razakars-anti-Nizam Struggles and end of Nizam’s Rule and integration of Hyderabad State in Indian Union – Formation of Andhra Pradesh. 2. 3. 4. 5. 4 SECTION-III GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION 1. Nature of the Constitution – constitutional developments – salient features – Preamble – Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy and their relationship Fundamental Duties, Distinctive features of Indian Federation. Distribution of Legislative Powers between the Union and the State; Administrative and Financial relations between the Union and the States – Powers and the functions of Constitutional Bodies. Unicameral and Bicameral Legislatures – Functions and crises of accountability, decline of legislature – Delegated Legislation – Legislative and Judicial control over the delegated legislation – Judicial review of administrative action. Amendment of the Constitution – Basic Structure Theory – Emergency Provisions and Decentralisation – Community development experiment – 3 tier model of Panchayat Raj – 73rd and 74th amendments and their implementation. Welfare Mechanism in India: Provisions for scheduled castes, Tribes and Minorities; Reservations for SC, ST and Backward classes; Prevention of SC and ST Atrocities Act; National and State SC and ST Commission; Women’s Commission; National and State Minorities Commission and Human Rights Commission. 2. 3. 4. 5. PAPER-III SECTION-I PLANNING IN INDIA & INDIAN ECONOMY 6. 7. National and per capita income and human development – Sectoral changes in the Indian Economy (GDP and work force). Indian Planning – Objectives, priorities, specific aims of the recent 5 year plan– experience and problems. Changes in the role of public-Private Sectors and their shares in the total plan outlay before and after economic reforms. Poverty and unemployment problems– magnitude and measures initiated to ameliorate them. Monetary policy – Structure of Indian Banking and non-banking financial institutions and reforms in them since the 1990s—regulation of credit by RBI. Pattern of revenue, expenditure and public debt and effects on the economy. 8. 9. 10. SECTION-II LAND REFORMS & SOCIAL CHANGES IN A. P. AFTER INDEPENDENCE 1. . 3. Historical background of land reforms and the change in laws from time to time – Intermediaries abolition, tenancy reforms, ceilings on holdings and land issues in A. P. Structure of the Andhra Pradesh economy – its sectoral and regional distribution and the extent of poverty. Agricultural inputs and technology. Demographic features and social backwardness, literacy and occupation structure; changes in the sectoral distribution of inco me and employment. Socio-political and economic empowerment of women. State finances and budgetary policy – tax structure, sharing central taxes, expenditure pattern in revenue and capital account as well as plan and non-plan accounts. Public debt – composition – internal and external debt including World Bank loans. Five year plans of AP – Outlays, financing public sector plan and resource allocation pattern in the recent 5 year plan. 4. 5. 5 SECTION –III ANDHRA PRADESH’S ECONOMY, PRESENT STATUS, ITS STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Growth and structure of industries in AP; Factories, small and tiny sectors, their comparison, growth, weaknesses and problems. Structure of agricultural outputs. Administrated prices including support and procurement prices – Public Distribution System in Andhra Pradesh. Regional disparities in income, industrial output, rainfall, irrigation, health and education in AP. Institutional and non-institutional sources of rural credit in AP – structure and growth cooperatives and their share in total credit – adequacy and problems. Service Sector of AP – Importance, composition and growth with special reference to transport and communication, tourism and information technology. PAPER-IV SECTION-I ROLE AND IMPACT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA: UNIT 1: National policy of science and technology and changes in the policy from time to time, Technology Missions. UNIT 2: Space programme in India and its applications with special reference to industrial, agricultural and other rural developmental activities, INSAT and IRS systems. UNIT 3: Role of Information Technology in Rural India, basics of computers, computers in communication and broadcasting, software development in economic growth. Broad IT applications. UNIT 4: Energy Resources: Energy demands, renewable energy resources, nuclear energy, the development and its utilisation in the country. UNIT 5: Current Science & Technology Developments in India, Climate change, Disaster Management (Floods, Cyclones and Tsunami); Crop science in India, Fertilisers, Control of pests and diseases – scenario in India; Drinking water and supply, urbanisation and industrial development. SECTION-II GENERAL AWARENESS WITH THE MODERN TRENDS IN LIFE SCIENCES UNIT 1: Progress of Agricultural Science and its impacts – Introduction to Biotechnology: History of fermentation development, industrially important fermentation products (antibiotics, organic acids, alcohols, vitamins, amino acids (only one in each category is to be studied)) Production of low volume, high value fermentation products (insulin, growth hormones, recombinant vaccines, interferons) UNIT 2: Plants and human affairs, characteristics of plants, usefulness for mankind, origin of agriculture, useful and harmful plants. Introduction to animals, Domestic and wild animals, usefulness of animals for mankind, Exploitation of animals by man for food and medical advancements. UNIT 3: Introduction to and applications of Genetic Engineering & Stem Cell Research: Basic concepts (the basic process of genetic engineering) – Biotechnology in agriculture (Biofertilisers, Biopesticides, Biofuels, Genetically modified crops, Tissue culture) animal husbandry (transgenic animals- applications) and environment (Biotechnology in Environmental clean up processes). UNIT 4: Microbial infections ; Common present day infections and preventive measures. Introduction to bacterial, viral, protozoal and fungal infections. Basic knowledge of infections caused by different groups of micro organisms – diarrhoea, dysentry, cholera, tuberculosis, malaria, viral infections like HIV, encephalitis, chikungunya, bird flu – preventive measures during out breaks. UNIT 5: Vaccines: Introduction to immunity, Fundamental concepts in vaccination and traditional methods of vaccine production (production of DPT and Rabies vaccine), Production of Modern Vaccines (production of Hepatitis vaccine), Applications of immunological methods in diagnosis. SECTION-III DEVELOPMENT & ENVIRONMENT PROBLEMS: UNIT 1: Environmental Segments, Promoting Environmental Protection, The Environment (Protection) Act, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, Water pollution Cess Act, Forest conservation Act, Environmentalism UNIT 2: Natural Resources: Forest Resources – Types of Forests, Uses of Forest s. Water Resources- Types of Dams, Drought Occurrences and Floods, Land Resources: Soils and Cropping patterns, Mineral resources. UNIT 3: Eco-Systems and Bio-diversity: Terminology of Ecology, Basic Concepts of Ecology, concept of an Ecosystem, Food Chains in Eco systems, Types of Eco systems. Biodiversity and its conservation: Types of biodiversity, Hotspots of Biodiversity, threats to diversity. UNIT 4: Environment Pollution and Solid Waste Management: Air Pollution, water pollution, Soil Pollution, Noise pollution. Solid Waste Management: Types of Solid waste, Factors affecting the solid waste generation, Impact of solid wastes, Recycling and reuse. UNIT 5: Role of Information Technology in Environment and Human Health. Global Environmental Issues like Climate Change, Acid Rain, Global warming, Wasteland Reclamation, Watershed management, watershed approach for sustainable development. PAPER-V DATA INTERPRETATION AND PROBLEM SOLVING 1. 2. Data appreciation and interpretation using ratios, percentages and averages. Drawing conclusions from the data present in tabular, graphical and diagrammatical forms and to point out deficiencies, limitations or inconsistencies therein. Problem solving using the following: a) Sequences and Series: Analogies of numbers and alphabets, completion of blank spaces in a:b,c,d, odd thing out, missing number in a sequence or series. Coding and decoding problems: A given word or group of letters in English are to be coded or decoded based on the given code(s). . b) c) Date, time and arrangement problems: Calender and clock problems, blood relationship and seating arrangements. Passage Analysis: A duly structured situation will be presented to the candidates and they will be asked to analyse and suggest their own solution to the problem arising out of situation. Alternatively, they may be called upon to prove the understanding of the situation by answering certain searching questions based on the situation. d) Sd/- Secretary 7

Gym Survey

RHUL FITNESS SUITE SURVEY This is a survey, which aims at measuring the customer satisfaction and the current perception of the RHUL Gym. Please be aware that all data is completely anonymous and will not be shared with third parties, nor will you be contacted further. This will take only 2-3 minutes to fill in and will help us with our final year Marketing Research Project. Thank you very much for participating 1. Are you a member of the RHUL Gym? Yes/No 2. If no, why not? (If you are a member please select the N/A option) * I don’t do sports I visit another gym * I do an alternative type of sport * The RHUL gym doesn’t provide the equipment I need * I can’t afford it * Other:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. * N/A 3. If yes, how many times a week do you visit the gym on average? (Please circle the number that applies to you) 0 – 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 4. How long have you been a member? – Less than 6 months – 1 year – 2 years – 3 years 5. What kind of membership do you have? – Early Riser (access to Gym and Classes until 15:00pm) – Gold (unlimited access to the gym and classes) – Pay as you go (individual ? payment for every visit) 6. What are your main goals in sport/as a member of the RHUL gym? * To keep fit and healthy * Bulk up * Aid training in other sports * To loose weight * Relax/Relieve Stress * Health reasons, such as rehabilitation etc. * Other (please specify):†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7. What do you mainly use in the gym? * Aerobic Equipment * Cardio Equipment * Weights Room * Classes * Anything, depending on my mood 8. Can you please rate how you feel about the following factors related to the Gym (1 Not satisfied at all – 10 Completely Satisfied)Not Satistied at all Completely Satisfied – Available equipment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – Available space 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – Changing Rooms 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – Showers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Gym Instruction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – Customer Service 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – Atmosphere 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – Classes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – Opening hours 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -RHUL SPORT Website 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Accessibility 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – Price 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – Products on offer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 9. Please finish the following sentences: – What I like most about the RHUL gym is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. – What I like least about the RHUL gym is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. – The RHUL gym needs more†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10. How did you hear about the RHUL Gym? – Word-of-mouth recommendation Facebook – RHUL Website – Freshers’ Fare – Leaflets – Promoters – Other (please specify )†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11. What year are you in? * First * Second * Third * Fourth * Postgraduate 12. Which department do you belong to? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13. What is your gender? * Male * Female * 14. What is your accommodation status? * Halls * Private Housing 15. Please share any additional comments about the RHUL Fitness Suite How likely are you to recommend the RHUL Gym to your friends? * Extremely Likely * Very Likely * Moderately Likely * Slightly likely * Not at all likely

Women and Leadership Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Women and Leadership - Case Study Example Promotion to the highest rank positions happens rarely in the modern America. 3% of Fortune CEOs is occupied by women, but they are promoted for occupying middle-rank positions and management professions. 3) Development of a more androgynous type of leadership is required. Women should be released from lower-level and lower-authority leadership positions and has equal opportunities for further promotion. Gender diversity of the organization leads to its financial benefits1. 4) Understanding different components of labyrinth will facilitate a process of understanding between male and female employees. There are three main differences in explanation of gender differences between men and women. Firstly, there is a human capital difference. Women are supposed not to contribute much to their education and training. However, women obtain undergraduate degrees more often than men. Secondly, there are prejudices about gender differences, explaining a gap in leadership by claiming that men and women are different by nature. 1) Lori encounters a â€Å"ceiling barrier†, which means that women cannot be promoted only because they are women! This case study illustrates a typical situation of men’s behavior to women: they do not think that women are able to be promoted to higher positions and they just do not understand some matters the way men do. 2) They should have greeted her, then ask her opinion about game and then listen to her creative ideas attentively. Basically, Lori was captured in leadership labyrinth and it was very difficult for her to give her ideas to someone else. Her colleague stole her ideas and she could do nothing about that. 3) She should have drawn attention of her colleagues and insist on her opinion. Her innovative ideas were very important in the future, that is why she had to fight for them with all her heart. It

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Assignment Example Consequently, McDonald’s is liable to pay to Liebeck for all the damages. In this scenario, I would analyse this situation from the Communitarian point of view. It speaks of shifting the balance of rights and responsibilities from the individual to the society. Liebeck here is at the same time trying to enjoy the liberty of being a free individual and is also trying to shift the blame of her individualistic errors in actions and judgement on to McDonalds. But still under the principle of compensatory justice, McDonalds by giving compensation to Liebeck, tried to restore her for the burns she received by the coffee spill over. (Bohlman and Dundas, 2004) However, there are no hard and fast rules when determining the compensation. But ethics and law make an effort that the tortfeasor is able to restore an amount equal to the loss incurred. But Liebeck here got compensation not on basis of her damages but on the basis of earnings which McDonalds makes. Important here is that Liebeck here received such generous amount in damages not because she got injured. Bu t because McDonalds acted rash and used statistics over ‘ethics of care’ in dealing with Liebeck; which made the jury decide the verdict in her favour. 2) In light of the above case, what would you propose as an outline plan if you were in charge of business that supplied scientific equipment to engineering laboratories? Assume you have a contract in place to supply the laboratory for 10 years. When assuming the role of a supplier of scientific equipment to the engineering laboratories. The most important law that I must be aware of is the ‘Contract Law’. A contract is made between two parties by the process of offer and acceptance. In this case, engineering laboratories would have made an offer of to my firm for supply of equipment. The offer would have had clearly written down the details of equipment needed and all details pertaining to the business should be written. Then, my

Public health science slp 15 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Public health science slp 15 - Essay Example Universities and hospitals offer medical technology programs. 1 Coursework required include courses in biology, microbiology, chemistry physics, math and statistics along with course work to improve communication skills and computer analytics. The field has subspecialties in various departments which include, Hematology or the study of blood(this department often works in conjunction with a Blood bank supplying blood products), Biochemistry and Special Chemistry and the providing of analytical assays on most normally blood and urine and there biochemical and immunological characteristics, Bacteriology and Parasitology which detect infectious agents and Histology and cytology working with tissues and cell samples to slides for pathological examinations. Individual laboratories which are licensed by appropriate state regulatory agencies are also accredited and inspected by professional agencies such as the College of American Pathologists(CAP)2. In addition laboratories must be in acco rdance with public health regulatory bodies regarding the reporting of infectious diseases and the proper disposal of hazardous wastes such as the Center for Disease Control(CDC)3 Environmental health professional go by many titles, Environmental Health Practitioners, Environmental Health Officer, Public Health Officer. ... Most Environmental Professionals sub specialize in one of the following areas: Reducing Air, water, soil, noise, or radiation pollution Protecting the food supply Improving safety in public schools, public areas, and workplaces Ensuring safe living conditions in housing Promoting public health by identifying hazards4 Prevention is a key to environmental health work with education, research and improved public policy employed to make the world a cleaner and safer place to live. To enter the field a college degree in Environmental Health or an associated life-science is required. Two public health regulatory agencies chosen are The Center for Disease Control(CDC) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The Centers for Disease Control(CDC) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, is the primary Federal agency for conducting and supporting public health activities in the United States. CDC's focus is not only on scientific excellence but also on the essential spirit that is CDC - to protect the health of all people. CDC keeps humanity at the forefront of its mission to ensure health protection through promotion, prevention, and preparedness. Composed of the Office of the Director, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and six Coordinating Centers/ Offices, including environmental health and injury prevention, health information services, health promotion, infectious diseases, global health and terrorism preparedness and emergency response, CDC employs more than 14,000 employees in 54 countries and in 170 occupations.5 The goal of the CDC is to keep people healthy at every

Labour Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Labour Laws - Essay Example This is certainly the case with Key Lime Printing. There is a feeling on the part of the workers that they are at best getting a very bad deal from a company that has already been in business for a relatively long time and should be able to do better. As a lawyer, there are a few issues that I shall seek to reinforce. I shall seek to inform the client, Joe Blow, that there is little legal recourse once the matter gets to this point. After all, the Notice of Certification from the labor relations board has already been received. There are three main issues that seem to underline the employees’ decision to unionize. First of all, there is the issue of pay. Pay disputes are always a minimum expectancy when it comes to labor relations. This is where most of the labor unrest that we witness centers around. The next issue lies with dismissal of employees. Fair or unfair dismissal is a contentious issue that cannot be resolved anytime soon. On the part of the dismissed employee, thei r default position is that the dismissal is always unfair (Cihon & Castagnera, 2010). Finally, there is the whole issue of unionization. I shall seek to show my client his rights and responsibilities as far as unionization of employees is concerned. The first issue deals with income. I shall handle this issue in two parts. The first part shall be with relation to the right amount that each employee should receive. This is an extremely complicated issue. If each one of us were given the option to suggest how much we want to be paid, then we might suggest amounts that are impractical for the profitable conduct of business. We cannot leave this weighty decision to the employers alone either. There is a need for both the employer and the employee to sit down and discuss each of their positions as far as remuneration is concerned. My client does not seem to have done this. Therefore, first step during the anticipated meeting shall be to hear each side’s position in as far as salar ies are concerned (Pay and Wages, 2013). The second angle in as far as salaries are concerned is the nature of employment. There is the need to find the right balance between benefits, commissions and salaries. The idea of only paying a commission to the three workers without either salaries or benefits is a very emotive one. Initially, it was thought that being paid on commission motivated the workers to apply themselves fully so that in a way they can ‘determine their own salaries’. This is not the case anymore. Finding business is not guaranteed, yet at the end of the month these employees have bills to pay and other responsibilities to fulfill. This needs to be looked at considering that the leading light in this revolt is an employee who is subject to this draconian employment terms (Pay and Wages, 2013). Dismissal is another issue that needs to be addressed. Arguably, perhaps it is the place where the bitterest battles with regard to employee rights are witnessed. There should be a firm basis for any dismissal that is effected in the workplace. After all, this is a place where people from different backgrounds coalesce to satisfy their needs for employment. Additionally, in such a place one cannot dismiss the effect of culture and background on general conduct and productivity in the workplace. Therefore, dismissal must be looked at with this backdrop in mind. There seems to have been instances where the foreman, Top, dismissed employees. He has no right to do this. This is un-procedural. There needs to be a properly laid procedure through which dismissals are carried out. Only the owner, Blow, should have the power to mete out such punishment. In most cases, dismissal should be the last resort (Arthurs & Carter,

Ethical Violations Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical Violations - Coursework Example According to the leader, the role was more suitable for ladies than for men and so instead of promoting the employee to take up the position, he employed a new person to take up the position. This was immediately identified as ethical violation because the labor laws of the country frowns on discrimination of any type (Johnson, 2012). The consequence of the violation on the leader who committed the violation was that he had to personally face a series of legal suits. This is because the employee involved suited the company and as the leader, the one who violated the ethics had to take off precious hours off his work schedule to attend to the court. All in all, it would be stated that accountability becomes deeply affected when such violations occur. This is because in the present circumstance, it became highly difficult for other employees of the company to trust the credibility of the leader to ensure fairness. The workforce also came to adopt a notion that the worker had taken issues of accountability into his own hands and so the larger workforce could not trust his credibility to be accountable (Wade et al, 2009) Wade, N. G., Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Haake, S. (2009). Comparison of explicit forgiveness interventions with an alternative treatment: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Counseling & Development, 87(2),

The 180 Day Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The 180 Day Plan - Essay Example The overall focus for this phase is to teach students appropriate behavior for the classroom. For September, the focus is on instruction. During this month, students are being introduced to the expectations of their teacher and their school. The teacher's role during this month is to instruct students in appropriate classroom behavior. A management strategy that is essential during this month is to teach only the skills that students need to progress, such as how to transition or how to turn in work. A recommendation that the plan has for teachers is to organize the classroom to decrease the chances of disruptive behavior. For October, the focus is on reinforcing and strengthening skills taught during the previous month. Teacher's should continue to teach desired behavior, but they should spend more time helping students establish appropriate patterns for their behavior. The teacher's role during this month is to review rules with students and preteach expected behaviors that student s continue to struggle with. A management strategy for this month is to not only reinforce students who follow classroom rules, but to also reinforce them for other appropriate behaviors. ... A management strategy for this month is to upgrade instructional procedures and increase the amount of time for practicing daily skills, for students who are not consistently meeting the teacher's expectations. A recommendation that the plan has for teachers is to begin to increase the standard for acceptable performance. Instead of reinforcing students each time they follow a classroom rule, the teacher should reinforce students who comply with the rules in difficult circumstances or for longer periods of time. The retention phase takes place during the months of December, January and February. The overall focus for this month is to help students master behavioral skills and academic competencies so that they can become independent learners. For December, the focus is to help students gain mastery over material, but maintain appropriate school and classroom behavior. The teacher's role during this month is to teach and reinforce independent and self-reliant behavior in the students. A management strategy for this month is to reinforce students who are trying to perform independently. A recommendation that the plan has for teachers is to look for students who are showing appropriate, independent behavior and reinforce them heavily. January can be a difficult time for students and teachers. Students have been on winter break for weeks and some may forget expected behavior or they may not retain material that they learned during the previous year. For January, the focus is to reintroduce previously learned rules and routines while, at the same time, helping students to regain their mastery of the academic content they learned the previous

THE ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF FIDEL CASTRO Essay

THE ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF FIDEL CASTRO - Essay Example American president made a plot with the help of CIA officials to assassinate Fidel Castro. Mainly CIA officials involved in the assassination plot were. Richard Bissell and Richard helms organized this plan. Almost 400 CIA officials were tasked to prepare the plan and finalize the operation. Edward Lansdale was appointed as the project leader and William Harvey was appointed head of the Task force . On the other end USSR and America were the major players for their interests. Russia wanted to sell weapon to Cuba and tried to use it as its missile base. America wanted to take revenge of Kennedy assassination and selling of US owned land by the Castro. Mafia heads also wanted to assassinate Castro as Castro closed all their casinos and bars in Cuba. Assassins had different interests to kill Castro. For example, the mafia wanted to establish business in Cuba. America wanted to run Cuba by a government that favors American policies . Assassins made an attempt in April 1960, which could not materialize. Five more attempts were also made in next two years but all failed . Assassins believed that only removal of one man would not halt the Cuban revolution so motivation of assassins was not too high to accomplish the mission . Fidel Castro always had the complete knowledge of CIA attempts beforehand. Agenda Motive was to restore American will, policies, and America friendly government in Cuba. America wanted to use Cuba for avoiding any future clash with Russia on Cuban land. Russia wanted to use Cuban land as its missile base and strike US air force on the outbreak of any war8. America wanted to cultivate Cuban land owned by American people. Russia stared constructing launch sites for SAM (surface to air missile) to target America9. It was necessary to kill Fidel Castro in order to end the Cuban revolution. Cuban people supported Castro for anti American policies10. Castro’s assassination plot and attempts was not an individual action. It had complete support of American government. CIA and FBI officials were used to execute most of the plans11. Main reason for approval of assassination was o make American friendly government in Cuba. Another was to gain political mileage in forthcoming American elections12. Setup CIA agents in America planned assassination in 1960. JM W AVE was selected as headquarter for the mission. After several attempts, the CIA could not assassinate Castro. More than 1400 hundred CIA agents were planned in first assassination attempt13. Aftermath There was a major political shift in regional political policies. America stopped import of sugar. Russia moved weapons and missiles to Cuba. Russia fully supported Castro to face America in any crisis in future. Russia and America had almost reached at the verge of a nuclear war due to Cuban crisis and stakes14.

Communication Technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Communication Technologies - Essay Example Then the ethical side of the matter is discussed. Two theories are drawn (Utilitarian and Kantian) to find out is it moral to monitor company's personnel. The third part of the paper is devoted to social responsibility. It is argued that a widespread use of monitoring techniques that intrude into employees' private life indicates the low level of social responsibility among employers, which in fact damages their own business. The section also brings recommendations on how to improve privacy preservation within the company and explains what benefits a company will receive. As the communication technologies continue to develop, the topic of workplace privacy becomes increasingly important. A hundred years ago manager was able to monitor his subordinates only through visual observation and mail check, if a business was related to frequent use of post services. Later, with the spread of telegraphic communication the tension of employers rose up, although it was still very hard for employees to misuse business channels for private purposes. Thus, there was little need in monitoring the use of business communication by personnel. Everything has changed with the development of phone, and later, e-mail. With the ease of access to better methods of communication, employers often use the chance to monitor their employees' activity, justifying their actions as concern for productivity. From the employees' side the monitoring of their phone calls and e-mail messages on the workplace is often perceived as the intrusion into privacy. Consequently, complaints of em ployees drive them to court bringing suits against their employees. So far most of such cases were resolved in favor of employers, as can be seen from examples illustrated later in the paper. The legal side of the matter of workplace privacy is observed in the next section. Law is on the Employer's Side Most of the developed Western countries have a twofold legislation on the monitoring of employees' workplace activity by employers. For example, in the US interception of wire and electronic communications is prohibited (Electronic Communication Privacy Act, 18, USC 2511, 1986). However the same law has some exceptions, allowing employers to monitor business phones and emails of their employees in most of the cases: It shall not be unlawful under this chapter for a person acting under color of law to intercept a wire, oral, or electronic communication, where such person is a party to the communication or one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent to such interception. (Electronic Communication Privacy Act, 18, USC 2511, 1986) Prior consent may be given each time an employee uses communication devices, or implied. Nevertheless, "the fact that an employee merely knows that the employer has the capability to monitor telephone conversations is not sufficient to establish implied consent" (Nuterangelo, 2004). An employee must be aware of monitoring. Therefore, every employee that uses communication services belonging to employer is in the same 'party' with his employer, allowing him to intercept every message or call. Moreover, each employee that was informed in some way (e.g. contract agreement) of using work phones or computers for

Historical Terms Essay Example for Free

Historical Terms Essay The Agricultural Revolution was also known as the Neolithic Revolution which occurred around roughly 10,000 B. C. It was a revolution that involved the transformation hunting-gathering societies into establishing permanent settlements and resort to agriculture and domestication. Hence, it initiated the development of civilization. The Cuneiform was probably the earliest form of writing upon which the Sumerians established in the Mesopotamian area, as their civilization started to proliferate, around 3000 B. C. It was said to have lasted for a few thousand years and while its use proliferated, the number of characters that it contained gradually dwindled to a more manageable standard. The Ziggurat was a temple tower which the Sumerians established that existed during Ancient Mesopotamia—almost quite similar to the temples of Ancient America. There were established monuments for the local regions of Ancient Mesopotamia. It was basically a pyramidal structure with a top flat—a platform that served as a shrine or temple. It was elevated to several levels (around two to seven tiers as suggested). The Code of Hammurabi was an ancient law-code (set of society’s rules) which was created in Babylon around 1800-1700 B. C. It was also enacted by Babylon’s sixth king, Hammurabi, upon which the code’s name was derived from. It is just one of the several set of fundamental laws found in the Near East to Middle East—area of Ancient Mesopotamia. Moses is a well-known biblical figure that exists in an array of religions. He was a Hebrew prophet who delivered the Hebrews from Egyptian Slavery and towards the Promised Land which was Israel; although, it was said that he died before he reached Israel. He was well-known for the ten plagues of Egypt that forced the Pharaoh—his stepbrother—into freeing the Hebrews. He was later known for the Ten Commandments. Amenhotep IV was the 10th or 11th Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty, reigning around 1300 B. C. It was suggested that he reigned around 1353 to 1336 B. C. He was also known as Akhenaten. In relation to his name, he was noted to have obliged the population into accepting monotheism, the worship of Aten. He was not really the heir to the throne, at least not until his older brother’s (Crown Prince Thutmose) death. Hatshepsut was the fifth pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty, reigning from 1479 to 1458 B. C. She was known as the longest ruling female pharaoh of Egypt; although, it was known in some historic sources that her reign was co-regent and that it was entailed in the reign of Thutmose III. Her most notable achievement was probably the establishment of trade networks in Egypt which apparently brought in wealth for the 18th Dynasty. Zoroastrianism is a religion and philosophy based on the teachings of Zoroaster or Zarathustra, which can be traced in ancient Persia. It is considered as one of the world’s first monotheistic faith, as it exalted Ahura Mazda.. It was believed that many concepts of the three major religions were derived from the scriptures of Zoroastrianism; one of which is the belief on a universal God. Manichaeism was considered as one of the major Gnostic religions of ancient Persia. It said to have existed from the third to the seventh centuries, from as far as China to the Roman Empire. It received prosecutions from other religious cultures such as Buddhism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism. Its main prophet was Mani who lived in Babylon. Its major concept described the struggle between light and darkness (good and evil). Cyrus the Great was a Persian King who established the Persian Empire under the Achaemenid dynasty, reigning from around 600 to 530 B. C. He started to build his empire by first fighting the Median Empire, then the Lydian Empire, and finally the Neo-Babylonian Empire. He also led his armies into Central Asia and died in a battle against the Scythians before reaching Egypt. It was mentioned that he respected the cultures of the lands he conquered. Hence, this made him a successful emperor to the eyes of his people. Herodotus was a Greek historian who lived around the fifth century B. C. In the Western world, he was known as the father of history. He was the first to apply systematic collection of evidences and data. He usually writes about information regarding the nature of the world and the different sciences, as he would inform people in a narrative way. Sophocles lived from 496 to 406 B. C. and was notably an ancient Greek Tragedian. Luckily, he was one of those Tragedians whose work survived long enough for the modern world to see. His most famous works, which concerned Oedipus and Antigone, have been tackled in schools worldwide. He was also the most-awarded playwright in Athens. Hippocrates lived from 460 to 370 B. C. He was known as one of the most astounding figures of Medicine. He was also known as the Father of Medicine, having established the Hippocratic School of medicine that apparently revolutionized Ancient Greek medicine, which enabled medicine to become a known and necessary profession. The Persian Wars is a series of a Greco-Persian conflicts that arose in 499 B. C. , lasting until around 448 B. C. It was basically the two Persian invasions of Greece which the Greek Alliance successfully repelled. It defined Greek dominance over the Persians. Homer was an Ancient Greek writer that created the epic poems, Illiad and Odyssey. His existence remained controversial as it was yet to be discovered. However, many believed that he existed during the time of the Trojan War, around 1194 to 1184 B. C. , which was the core setting of Illiad. Sophists were basically Ancient Greek teachers of writing, speech, and rhetoric that traveled across the country during the fifth century B. C. A growing demand for education during this century paved the way to the establishment of a class of teachers and professionals that scattered all over Greece in order to educate people. Socrates was a well-known Classical Greek Philosopher that lived from 469 to 399 B. C. He was known to be one of the founders of Western Philosophy, especially his contributions to the field of ethics; through his most comprehensive accounts, the Plato’s dialogues. He was put to trial and executed by forcing him to drink poison and walking around the city. Sparta was a Greek city-state, renowned for its military dominance over its region in Greece. It was established as the rival of the Athenians—during the Peloponnesian war. As a requirement of the governing body, all Spartan men were full-time soldiers, especially during the time of War. Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher that lived from 384 to 322 B. C. He was a student of Plato, who later on became the teacher of Alexander the Great of Macedonia. He was also known as one of the Greek philosophers that established the foundations of Western Philosophy (other than Plato and Socrates). Galen of Pergamum was a Roman physician and apparently a Greek philosopher that lived from 129 to 200 A. D. He was known to be the most accomplished physician during the Roman era. His philosophies and theories influenced and dominated much of Western Medical Science. Archimedes was a Greek inventor that lived during 287 to 212 B. C. , known for his theories and foundations on hydrostatics. He was also regarded for his inventions which included an array of siege engines and equipments, and the screw pump, later known as the Archimedes screw. Pax Romana, also known as Pax Augusta, was a long period of relative peace that Rome experienced during the first and second centuries A. D, around 27 B. C. to 180 A. D. It was proclaimed by Caesar Augustus, and it suggested that Rome would go under a period of peace and non-expansion; with generals being recalled after their victories. It met its end at the death of Marcus Aurelius. Diocletian was the emperor of Roman from 284 to 305 A. D. The end of the third century crisis in Rome was signaled by the ascension of Diocletian to the seat of power. He refurbished the empire by separating and enlarging the empire’s civil and military services, assigning three other leaders to control different regions. This was probably the largest and most bureaucratic government in Roman history. Virgil was a classical Roman poet who lived during 70 to 19 B. C. He was known for his three major works: the Bucolics, the Georgics, and the Aeneid—which became Rome’s national epic. Born to a farmer who later lost their land to soldiers, he engaged in farm work and studied poetry. His first two major works were said to have been influenced by rural life. Claudius Ptolemaeus was a Greco-Roman astronomer who lived from 90 to 168 A. D, living in Egypt which was under Roman control. He was an author of several discourses including the Almagest (astronomical discourse), the Geography (knowledge of Greco-Roman world), and Apolotelesmatika (astrological discourse). Titus Lucretius Carus was a Roman Philosopher-poet who lived around 99 to 55 B. C. Although not much was known of him, he was renowned for his major epic Philosophical poem known as De rerum natura, or translated as On the Nature of Things. He dedicated this to his friend, Gaius Memmius. It was said that the poem’s purpose was to free Gaius’ mind of superstition, as well as the fear of death. Octavian was the successor of Gaius Julius Caesar, after the latter was brutally murdered. He ruled from 27 B. C to 14 A. D. wherein he died. He became the first emperor of the Roman Empire, after it was formally established that a sole person would rule the Republic in accordance with the Senate. His rule also initiated the enactment of Pax Romana. Peter was the proclaimed leader of the early Christian church and was one of the apostles of Jesus Christ. He was a simple fisherman that Jesus assigned to take up a leadership role amongst the other disciples and apostles. At the time of Nero, the Christians were prosecuted and with him being the first pope of Christianity, he was nailed to the cross facing downwards and burned in Rome. Paul was a Hellenistic Jew and was referred to as the Apostle to the gentiles. His conversion took place on his way to Damascus when he envisioned a resurrected Jesus Christ, which later on temporarily blinded him. Unlike the rest of Jesus’ apostles, Paul only saw Jesus Christ through his visions and was unfortunate to have not known him in person. Like Peter, he was executed by Nero through beheading. The New Testament is the second major division of the bible wherein the story of Jesus Christ can be read. It contained the gospels upon which shared the life of Jesus Christ and the proliferation of the Christian church. It also contained the book of revelations which was the apocalyptic prophecy. Constantine I, also known as Constantine the Great, was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 306 up to his death on 337 A. D. He experienced his conversion into Christianity on the battlefield. With him as a Christian convert, he reversed the prosecutions laid out by his predecessors and established the Edict of Milan in 313 A. D. , which stated religious toleration throughout the Roman empire. St. Augustine of Hippo was a philosopher and a theologian, as well as the Bishop of Hippo Regius, who lived around 354 to 430 A. D. He was born in Thagaste. He was also regarded as one of the most important Christian figures who helped in the proliferation of Christianity. His thoughts influenced the medieval worldview, the medieval Christian church. The Arians were the followers of a religion called Arianism which was established in 250-336 A. D. by a Christian priest known as Arius. Arians were branded as heretics by the Christian church, thus leading to their execution or excommunication. However, the religion and its followers still continued onwards through the medieval ages. The Justinian Code was summoned by Emperor Justinian himself and his desire to create a single set of laws, or â€Å"code,† which contained the different laws enacted by past emperors from the reign of Hadrian up to his rule. The older laws and codex were updated to fit the standards of Emperor Justinian’s reign. The first part of the law was completed on 529 A. D. Byzantium, known today as Istanbul, was an ancient Greek city established by Greek colonists, naming it after King Byzas. The name was actually Latinized from Byzantion. It became the capital of the Byzantine Empire, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and renamed to Constantinople. Later on, the Ottomans laid siege of Constantinople and took over the city. It was then changed to Istanbul when Turkey was established. The Koran is the most important text of Islam; much like the Christian bible. It was believed to be a book of divine guidance for mankind to follow. It was mentioned that the Koran was revealed to the prophet Muhammad by Jibril (an Islam version of Gabriel). The Koran was also believed to have been written by Muhammad and his followers, through the transcription oral transmissions. It was compiled in 633 A. D. and was standardized in 653 A. D. under the Islamic Empire. The Hagia Sophia was a mosque but later turned into a Museum which can be found in the city of Istanbul in Turkey. It was highly considered as the epitome of Byzantine architecture, as it was established as a patriarchal basilica at that time. For nearly a thousand years, it was considered as the largest cathedral in the world. When the Ottomans conquered Constantinople, it was converted into a mosque. Theodora was the empress of the Byzantine Empire during the sixth century A. D. and the wife of Emperor Justinian I as the emperor of the Byzantine Empire. She was regarded as a saint of the Orthodox Church. She was also known as the most influential woman in the history of Byzantine. Feudalism was an established political system during the medieval ages in Europe, as well as the rest of the world. Three key elements revolve around Feudalism: lords, vassals, and fiefs. The Lords control the land and provide protection for it. The vassals establish a contract with the controlling monarch, ensuring the protection of the land and his property. The fiefs are profitable lands that could gain revenue for the kingdom. Charlemagne was the established King of the Franks who reigned from 768 A. D. up to his death in 814 A. D. He united the Frankish kingdoms and expanded into Western and Central Europe, establishing an empire. Later on, he conquered Italy and was crowned by Pope Leo III as Imperator Augustus, and became a rival of the Byzantine Emperor sitting on Constantinople. During his reign, the empire experienced Carolingian Renaissance which was the revival of art, culture, and religion through the medium of the Church. Alcuin of York lived from 735 to 804 A. D. in York, Northumbria. At the request of Charlemagne, he became a teacher in the Carolingian court, which focused on the revitalization of art, culture, and religion through the medium of the Church. He composed many theological doctrines, as well as a notable number of literary works like poems. He was inducted as the abbot of Saint Martin’s at Tours in 796 A. D. , until his death. Clovis I was the first king of the Franks brought Christianity to the Franks and aimed to unite the Frankish kingdoms under one ruler. Instead of remaining as an Arian Christian which was very common to the Germanic tribes, he converted to Catholic Christianity and brought this to his people. He was baptized near Rheims wherein the succeeding kings would be crowned as King of France. Serfs were people belonging to the lowest class in the feudal system of medieval Europe which was Serfdom. Basically, they were slaves to serf lords and were tasked to till the lands. They had no freedom and only had barely enough to feed themselves. They do not own the lands they till. Rollo was the first ruler of the Viking principality in Northern France, later known as Normandy. He lived from 860 to 932 A. D. He invaded France in 885 A. D. , and was considered as one of Sigfred’s Viking Fleet’s minor leaders. He was defeated by King Charles the small of France and later gave him the northern area of France with the condition that he would defend the French Kingdom from other Viking raiders. The Magna Carta is an English charter that was issued in 1215 A. D. It gave noblemen certain rights. It also required people to respect legal procedures, and accept that the person’s freedom could be dully bound by law. It also protected the King’s subjects from unlawful imprisonment. Basically, it was made by noblemen to somewhat limit the powers of the King, in order to avoid Tyranny over the kingdom. William the Conqueror or William I was the King of England from 1066 up to his death in 1087 A. D. He was known as William the Bastard because of his illegitimate birth. Along with his men, he fought against the English at the Battle of Hastings and won. As King, he made a lot of major reforms in the English administrative system.

Varieties of Market Segmentation

Varieties of Market Segmentation MARKET SEGMENTATION Market segmentation is the process of categorizing the market into several groups on the basis of various factors such as demographic, geographic, psychological, and behavioral factors. This is to ensure that the marketers can understand their target audience better so as to make the marketing more effective and get more satisfied customers. Thus, the marketers can gain a great advantage over the competitors. There are different ways by which market segments can be categorized. It can be done by categorizing the preferences of the consumer. Based on this, market can be categorized as homogeneous preferences, diffused preferences and clustered preferences. In homogeneous preferences the customers roughly have the same preferences whereas it varies in case of diffused preferences. When a group of consumers have shared preferences it leads to the formation of natural market segment which refers to clustered preference. While marketing a product three areas of marketing must be taken into consideration, i.e, mass marketing, product differentiated marketing and target marketing. Mass marketing takes into account mass producing, mass distributes and mass promotes on product to all buyers. It is important to realize the great variety in individual customers and therefore the marketers use this type of segmentation to customize their marketing programmes for each customer. In product differentiated marketing more than one product with different features, style, size, and quality is introduced. In target marketing, on the basis of the market segments the products are developed and customized. Market segments can be differentiated in various ways. Some of them are demographics, geographics, psychographics and behavioural segmentation. Demographic segmentation Demographic factors are age, gender, income, occupation, education, religion, generation, nationality, family size, family cycle, social class etc. Based on these demographic values, the customers are divided into various segments. This type of segmentation is suitable because the variables are easy to measure and as they provide description of the target customers therefore media buyers and others can target a desired target market. Some of the important variables while segmenting markets are: Age and Life cycle segmentation As the desire and need of customer change with their age therefore age and life cycle is a good factor in order to determine marketing approach. One of the examples is of a 70 year old person using landlines instead of mobile phones due to lack of technological knowledge. Therefore marketers need to take this into consideration and guard against stereotypes. This can also be associated with buying pattern and behavioural characterstic. For example, as married people have various economical obligation therefore they tend to spend less on luxury items whereas on the contrary, single people tend to purchase new fashionable items as they don’t have such economic obligations. Gender Segmentation As the needs and wants of men and women are different therefore gender segmentation is being applied from a long time in terms of clothing, hairstyle, magazines, cosmetics. But the marketers must not define a product as being masculine or feminine as metro sexuality has become a common gender-factor. Income Segmentation This type of segmentation can be seen in automobiles, financial services, travel, clothing, and cosmetics. Usually the high income customers are the target but it should be considered by the companies that just the income cannot be suitable criteria to determine the customer as they might have different preferences and priorities while selecting a product. Even the lower income groups are targeted as the competitive pressure reduces and the consumer loyalty is gained. Generation Segmentation Various significant events, many a times characterize a particular period. These influential factors can be music, politics, movies etc. Therefore the marketers must make use of the images and icons of a particular generation in order to market their product. Social class Segmentation Most of the companies design their product for a specific social class. It divides the customers on the basis of their preferences towards cars, clothing, leisure activities, home furnishing, retailers, reading habits etc. Demographic segmentation thus assumes that people with different backgrounds and other differences are likely to share same values and behaviour. Geographic Segmentation In this method of segmentation, customers can be categorized on the basis of countries, nation, state, region, city, and neighborhood. But a company must consider the fact that the data might vary due to population shift. Various sales and purchases are based on the geographical variables as the purchasing behaviour of the customers are influenced on where they live or work. Sometimes there are also differences in the location where the product is marketted due to cultural factors, tradition, politics. These differences can be significant in one segment whereas in other segments there might just be minor differences. Globalization plays a major role in linking socio economic and demographic characteristics. This type of segmentation is referred to as geodemographics. It therefore combines the target customers with where they live. Instead of comparing the consumers by their occupation, the consumers are compared on the basis of where they live, hence the companies are more capable of predicting consumer behaviour. Psychographic Segmentation There are two types of customers, personality profiles and lifestyle profiles. The psychological variables provide the marketer opportunity to get additional information about traditional, geographical, demographic bases like sex, age, income. Psychological profiles are often used as a supplement to geographics and demographics. Therefore on the basis of their attitude, values, lifestyles, interests and opinions people are divided in psychographic segmentaton. Behavioural Segmentation There are various behavioural variables such as occasions, benefits, status, usage rates, loyalty, attitude, buyer readiness (which will be discussed in detail) which determine behavioural segmentation .These variables are considered the best starting points in constructing market segments which are mainly based on the customers attitude towards the use and response to a product. Occasions Customers are divided into segments according to the time on which they get the idea to buy a product. The time can be a day , a week, a month or an year. An example for this situation is the variation in market strategy for Christmas and Valentines day. Benefits As different kind of people look for different benefits in the same product, this segmentation divides the customers based on this. People tend to look for the benefits provided by different brands and accordingly they make their choice. Here casual factors play a major role rather than descriptive factor like demographics. User status This type segmentation is done on the basis of the category of users , i.e potential users, non users, ex-users, first time users, regular users etc. The marketing approach varies according to the type of users. Usage rate Based on the usage of the product, the customers are divided into various segments like non users, heavy, medium, light product users. The basic strategy followed by the company is to target one heavy user instead of several light product users because the heavy users account for a high percentage of total buying although they constitute a small percentage of the market. But the other users must not be neglected as even they may provide better future prospects. Usage rate further divides the customer according to time which means that the product to be sold may vary according to time. Buyer readiness stage It depends on the factors such as people’s awareness and interest in the product. A person might be aware of the product and he also may not be. The difference lies in whether they are just informed about the product or interested in buying the product or they desire to buy the product or just intend to buy the product. In all the cases, a customer must be lead along so that he finally gets convinced to buy the product. For example, a person belonging to a different place might not be aware of the products particularly sold at one place hence the marketing strategy should be different at that place and the product should be promoted more. Loyalty status Based on the loyalty of the customers, they can be categorized as hard core loyals, split loyals, shifting loyals and switchers. Hard core loyals tend to stick to a particular brand for a long period of time without even considering other brands. Split loyals have preference towards two to three brands and they keep switching in these. Shifting loyals stay with a particular brand for some time and then change it. Switchers do not have any specific choice and they keep changing the brands from time to time. Attitude People can have an enthusiastic, indifferent, positive, negative, or hostile approach towards a product. Based on these factors people can be divided into various segments and hence the company can get a good idea of the market and the strtegy to be followed. To improve the targetting strategies and get a clear picture of the market, it is important for the marketers to combine different behavioural variables. A marketer must reach all buyers in all segments by defining its target audience. By taking into account various concepts such as demographic segmentation, geographic segmentation, the psychographic segmentation and the behavioural segmentation, a company must decide which is the most appropriate concept while designing the market strategy. For example , demographic and behavioural segmentation are the most appropriate one’s while designing market strategies of a telephone as the ages of the customers is an important factor. Apart from age, attitude is also an important factor. Once the target customers have been defined, the next step is to evaluate the market segments and decide in which segments the marketing strategy should be directed. Market targeting is the second stage of the segmentation process.

Water and power consumption: Analysis of sewage treatment plant

Water and power consumption: Analysis of sewage treatment plant 1. INTRODUCTION: Waters unique Characteristics and its essential Role for all life have inspired myths and influenced cultures, religions, art, and literature through all times. The process involved for the RBC Biological Treatment method is named as FIXED FILM ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR BIOWHEELS. In this process by means of rotation of the bio wheels micro organisms are expected to growth in the RBC and the overflow from the Lamella clarifier will be the first stage of the treated water. The micro organisms will develop on the surface of the disk and the colonization of the organisms will take place because of the inlet load into the system. The thick film like formation in the surface of the disk is the indication of the growth. In Sewage water the main constituents of Pollutants being organic in nature these can be digested easily in the RBC. Sewage is created by institutions, residences, and hospitals and commercial and industrial establishments. Raw influent of sewage wastewater includes household waste liquid from the toilets, sinks, showers, kitchens, baths, and so forth that is disposed of sewage waste water. 1.1 Aim: The aim of the project is to Analysis of water consumption and power consumption of sewage treatment plant. 1.2 Objective: * To Analysis the water and power consumption of the sewage treatment plant * To vary the parameters of water source, power source. * To Analyze the Rotating Biological contactor Biowheels.Lamella clarifier * Analyzing 2D design of the Sewage Treatment Plant. * To analyze the results and propose appropriate solution. 2. BACKGROUND RESEARCH: Waste water collected from domestic and industrial communities must be returned to receiving waters or to the land. Although the collecting of storm water and drainage dates from ancient times the collection of waste water can be traced only to the early 1800s. The systematic treatment of wastewater followed in the late 1800s and early 1900s. There are many methods and processes to treat wastewater. The most common approach uses primary treatment (screening and clarification) to remove solids; aerobic, suspended growth, activated sludge secondary treatment to reduce organic pollutants; and chlorine disinfection to reduce pathogens. Secondary treatment is the largest energy consumer (30 to 60% of total plant usage), followed by pumping and sludge processing. Although suspended growth, activated sludge is the most common wastewater treatment process, it is not the most energy efficient. Aerated lagoons, trickling filters and rotating biological contactors are significantly more efficient. They are not as widely used because aerated lagoons require a large land area, and trickling filters and rotating biological contactors are better suited for smaller capacity applications. Many wastewater treatment plants are shifting from chlorine-based disinfection to UV disinfection to eliminate the risk of storage and handling of toxic chemicals. Although UV disinfection is energy intensive, it adds no chemical residue to the effluent. This feature is particularly important for discharge to sensitive aquatic environments or for wastewater reuse. In general, low pressure UV systems are substantially more efficient than medium pressure systems. Energy efficiency opportunities in wastewater treatment include the use of fine bubble diffusers, dissolved oxygen control of aeration, high efficiency blowers, variable frequency drives on pumps and blowers, premium efficiency motors, and the reduction of the head against which pumps and blowers operate. Sewage is generally a mixture of domestic of waste water from bath, sinks and washing machines and toilets, waste water from all industry and rainwater runoff from roads and other surfaced areas. Every day in the UK about 347,000 Kilometers of sewers collect over 11 Billion liters of waste water. This is treated about 9000 sewage treatment works before the treated effluent is discharged to inland waters, estuaries and the sea. Without suitable treatment, the waste water we produce every day would damage the water environmental and creates to affect the public health problems. Untreated sewage contains organic matter carbohydrates, fats and proteins, bacteria and chemicals. Bacteria naturally present in environmental waters do break these substances down, but in doing so they use the oxygen dissolved in this water. If there were large or continuous untreated discharges of urban waste water the result could be too little oxygen for fish and other aquatic life to survive. So the purpose of waste water treatment is to remove organic substances to protect the environment from these effects. Sewage works therefore reproduce what would be occurring in the environmental. Settling out much of the solid matter is called Primary Treatment, and using Bacteria that digest and break down the organic substances is called Secondary Treatment. Sometimes further treatment Tertiary is required to protect sensitive water environments; Tertiary treatment can involve disinfecting the treated effluent to protect the bathing and shellfish waters. It can also involve the removal of phosphorous or nitrates nutrients present in sewage. To protect the waters that is threatened by eutrophication. (ref sewage treatment in the UK defray department for environment food Rural affairs,PB 6655 March 2002.). 3. LITERATURE REVIEW: Municipal water use is generally divided into four categories, 1. Domestic water normally used for sanitary and general purposes 2. Industrial water used for nondomestic purposes, 3. The Public service water normally used for fir fighting, and system maintenance and also municipal landscape irrigation. 4. Unaccounted for system losses and leakage The following data are typical municipal water use in the United States Report. ( (George Tchobanoglous and Franklin L. Burton, 1991) Table 1 Municipalities water use 3.1 Domestic water use:. Domestic water use encompasses the water supplied to residential areas ,and commercial districts, institutional facilities, and recreational facilities as a measured by individual water meters .The uses to which this water is put include drinking, washing, bathing, culinary, and waste removal, and yard watering these kind of water collected from household sewage. Using the average flow values reported in above table of the water used in a municipal water supply system is for domestic purposes. 3.2 Residential areas: The water normally used by residential households consists of water for interior use such as showers and toilets and water for exterior use such as lawn watering and car washing, the household wastewater mostly used in sewage treatment plant. Typical data for interior water use are presented in below table. How much amount of water used in residential areas water use for exterior applications varies widely depending upon the geographic location, climate and time of year and mainly consists of landscape irrigation. The Residential areas 100% of water normally used by typical distribution of residential interior water use the following table given details Table 2 Typical distribution interior water use (George Tchobanoglous and Franklin L. Burton, 1991) 3.3 Commercial facilities: The water used by commercial facilities for sanitary purposes will vary widely depending on the type of activity means example of offices and compared to a restaurant. Typical water use values for various types of commercial facilities are reported in following table also for large commercial water using facilities such as laundries and car washes, careful estimates of actual water use should be made. Table 3 Typical rates of water use for commercial facilities (George Tchobanoglous and Franklin L. Burton, 1991) 3.4 Institutional facilities: Water used by facilities such as hospitals, schools and rest home is usually based on some measure of the size of the facility and the type of housing function provided example of per student or per bed, and water normally use for schools will vary significantly depending on whether the students are housed on campus or are day students. The representative water use values for institutional facilities are reported following table. Table 4 Typical water-use values for institutional facilities (George Tchobanoglous and Franklin L. Burton, 1991) 3.5 Recreational Facilities: The recreational facilities mostly water used in such as swimming pools, bowling alleys, and camps, resorts, then country clubs perform a wide range of functions involving water use. The following table typical water use values are reported. Table: Typical water-use values for recreational facilities (George Tchobanoglous and Franklin L. Burton, 1991) 4. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT: 4.1PRINCIPLE: Sewage treatment plant there are two main types of biological reaction, depending upon the presence or absence of free oxygen, the aerobic reaction takes place only in the presence of free oxygen and produces stable, relatively inert end products. Anaerobic reaction are more complex, being two stage, proceeding relatively slowly and leading to end products which are unstable and which still contain considerable amounts of energy. In any biological reaction the energy in the organic matter, used as food by the microorganisms, is split three ways; some is used in creating new microorganisms, some is incorporated in the end products of the reaction, the proportions of energy in the three areas depend upon the nature of the reaction, the type of organic matter, the type of microorganisms,and environmental conditions. The organic matter in wastewater thus provides the well as providing the energy for the oxidation reactions which releases the end products of biological treatment. (THY Teb butt,1990). Domestic sewage satisfies all these requirements but some industrial wastewaters may be lacking in nutrients or other factors, which could result in inhibition of biological activity, Toxic substances present in the wastewater can also mean that biological treatment of an organic wastewater is ineffective, although it is sometimes possible for microorganisms to become acclimated to substances which initially appear to be toxic. The aim of conventional biological treatment processes is to achieve almost complete removal of the organic matter in the feed. The activated sludge system is a common form of dispersed growth reactor, and both systems require a settling facility to remove the excess biological solids produced in the process. In the case of fixed film systems the solids are essentially dead cells, but with the dispersed growth activated sludge systems the bulk of the cells are living and are returned to the reactor for re use, only the excess solids being removed. (THY Tebbut t,1990). Characterstics of waste water sewage treatment plant:  · Bio chemical oxygen demand  · Total dissolved solids  · Chemical oxygen demand  · Total suspended solids  · PH  · Bio chemical oxygen demand: It is a measure of the amount of oxygen that bacteria will consume while decomposing organic matter under aerobic conditions.  · Total dissolved solids: It comprises inorganic salts and small amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in water. The principle constituents are usually the captions , calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium and the anions carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate and particularly in groundwater nitrate.  · Chemical oxygen demand: It is a measure of the total quantity of oxygen required to oxidize all organic material into carbon dioxide and water. * Total suspended solids: It is a measure of the suspended solids in waste water, effluent, or water bodies determined by tests for Total suspended non-filterable solids.  · PH: It is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution numerically equal to 7 for neutral solutions increasing with increasing alkalinity and decreasing with increasing acidity. The PH scale commonly in use ranges from 0 to 14. ( www.answers.com ) Classification of Waste Water Treatment Methods The wastewater treatment is contaminants are removed by physical, chemical and also biological methods. Sewage Treatment Plant individual methods usually are classified as a physical unit operations, chemical unit operations and also Biological unit operations and processes. Although these operations and processes occur in a variety of combinations in Treatment Systems. (George Tchobanoglous, FranKlin L.Burton, 1991,1979,1972) 4.2 Physical operations unit: The Treatment methods in which the application of physical forces to predominate are known as physical operation unit. Because most of these methods involved directly from the first observations of a nature, and they were the first to be used for wastewater .treatment. These are the Screening, Mixing, Flocculation, Flotation,sedimentation,Filtration,and Gas transfer are typical unit operations. (George Tchobanoglous, FranKlin L.Burton, 1991,1979,1972). Screening: The first off all unit operation entered in wastewater treatment plants is screening .a screen is a device with openings ,generally of uniform a size, that is using to retain the coarse solids found in wastewater. Description: The screening elements may consists of parallel bars, wires or ,grating, rods, mesh, or perforated plate ,a screen composed of parallel bars or rods is called a bar rack sometimes called a bar screen). The term screen is used for screening devices consisting of perforated plates wedges wire elements and wire cloth. The materials removed by these devices are known as screenings. Bar Racks: In Wastewater treatment, bar racks are used to protect the Pumps pipelines valves and other appurtenances from the damaged or clogging by a rags and large objects. Screens: Sewage treatment plant is widely used to Barscreening,early screens were of the inclined disk or drum type, whose screening media consisted of bronze or copper plates with milled slots ,and were installed in place of sedimentation tanks for primary treatment .since the early 1970s,there has been resurgence of interest in the field of wastewater treatment in the use of screens of all types ,the application range from primary treatment to the removal of the residual suspended solids from biological treatment processes. (George Tchobanoglous, FranKlin L.Burton, 1991,1979,1972) Mixing: Mixing is an important unit operation in many phases of wastewater treatment including (1)the mixing of one substances completely with another, (2)the mixing of liquid suspensions,(3)the blending of miscible liquids,(4)flocculation and (5)heat transfer .chemicals are also mixed with sludge to improve tidal watering characteristics. In anaerobic digestion, mixing is used accelerate the biological conversion process and to heat the contents of the digester uniformly . Description Apparatus: Most mixing operations in wastewater can be classified as continuous rapid or continuous. Continuous -rapid mixing is used most often where one substance is to be mixed with another. Continuous mixing is used where the contents of reactor or holding tank or basin must be kept in suspension. Energy dissipation mixing: The power input per unit volume of liquid can be used as a rough measure of mixing effectiveness, based on the reasoning that more input power creates greater turbulance,and greater turbulence leads to better mixing. Sedimentation:: It is one of the most widely used in waste water treatment, sedimentation is the separation from the water, by gravitational settling, of suspended solids that are heavier than water, it is one of the most widely used unit operations in wastewater treatment .A Sedimentation basin may also be referred to as a sedimentation tank, settling basin ,or settling tank, Sedimentation is used for grit removal, particularly floating matter removal in the primary settling basin, biological float removal in the activated sludge and settling basin and chemical flog removal. Whenever the chemical coagulation processes is used. 4.3 Chemical unit processes: Sewage treatment plant is widely used to chemical unit processes ,This Treatment Methods in which the removal or conversion of the contaminants is brought about by the chemicals or by other chemical reactions are known as a chemical processes unit. There are three different types chemical processes used in the wastewater treatment.Precipitation,and disinfection and adsorption, which the process mostly used in the wastewater treatment. In the chemical precipitation ,treatment is also accomplished by producing a chemical precipitate that will settle. In most cases the settled precipitate will contain the both constituents that may have reacted with the adding to chemicals and the substance that were swept of wastewater as the predicated settled in the water. (George Tchobanoglous, FranKlin L.Burton, 1991,1979,1972) 4.4 Chemical coagulation: The settlement of fine colloidal and suspended solids can be assisted by the use of flocculation as but with dilute suspensions, such as lowland river waters, the opportunities for collisions and agglomeration are limited. In such circumstances flocculation does not significantly improve the settling characteristics of the suspension. the addition of a chemical coagulant, which precipitates flocculent solids in the water, followed by flocculation and sedimentation, can provide a high degree of clarification. the processes of chemical coagulation is thus carried out in a sequence of operations, the first of which involves rapid to permit enmeshment of the colloidal solids in the rapidly precipitating flock. (THY Tebbutt, 1990) Following the initial stage precipitation stage, the suspension is passed to flocculation and sedimentation units, which may be separate or combined. the most popular coagulant for potable water treatment is aluminum sulphate, often referred to as alum. When it is added to water in small doses of around 20-50mg/l,a reaction takes place with the natural alkalinity present, and insoluble aluminum hydroxide is formed. this responds well to controlled flocculation. The chemical reactions which occur are complex but may be simplified as Al2(SO4)3 +3Ca(HCO3)2 = 2Al(OH)3 + 3CaSo4 +6CO2 When using the commercial alum which has 16-18 molecules of water of crystallization, and expressing alkalinity in terms of calcium carbonate, each mg/l of alum reacts with 0.5mg/l of alkalinity. By using a range of coagulant does and PH values ,it is possible to determine the optimum conditions to achieve the required water quality. (THY Tebbutt, 1990) Chemical precipitation: In essence ,chemical precipitation depends upon the use of an added reagent which combines with the impurity to be removed to give an insoluble product which can then be removed by sedimentation, preceded by flocculation if necessary. A(impurity) + B(reagent) = C (precipitate) + D(by product) It is clearly essential that any byproduct of the reaction does not itself have undesirable properties in relation to the eventual use of the water or wastewater. It is also important to remember that chemical precipitation processes produce sludges containing the impurities and that the cost of handling and disposing of these sludges in a safe manner can be significant. (THY Tebbutt, 1990) Disinfection: Disinfection refers to the selective destroy of disease causing organism .all the organisms are not destroyed of during the process; this differentiates disinfection from sterilization, which is the destruction of all organisms. In the field of waste water treatment, there are three categories of human enteric organisms of the greatest consequence in producing disease are viruses, bacteria, and amoebic cysts. Disinfection is widely used to wastewater sewage treatment plant; there are well -established links between the contamination of drinking water with facial matter and the incidence of such water related diseases as cholera, typhoid and many gastrointestinal infections. Thus the removal of the pathogenic microorganisms from water supplies is a very valuable measure for the improvement of public health. Disinfection means the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms and does not necessarily mean that the water is sterile, since a small number of harmless microorganisms are usually present in tap water and poses no hazard. For most disinfection the rate of kill is given by dN/dt = -KN where k = rate constant N = number of living microorganisms The rate constant varies with the particular disinfectant, its concentration, the organism being killed,PH,Temperature,and other environmental factors. (THY Tebbutt, 1990) 5. Biological unit processes: Sewage Treatment plant is widely used to Biological unit processes ,this is processes is remove the microorganism of the water, In this Treatment methods in which the removal of contaminants is bring about by biological activity are known as a biological unit processes. Biological treatment is used primary to remove the biodegradable organic substances matter (means colloidal or dissolved )in wastewater.Basically,these substances matter are converted into the gases that can be escaped to the atmosphere and into the biological cell tissue unit that can be removed by settling. At the same time this treatment is also used to remove the nutrients (means nitrogen and phosphorous) in wastewater. (George Tchobanoglous, FranKlin L.Burton, 1991,1979,1972) 5.1 Components of wastewater Flows The components of the wastewater flows that make up the wastewater flow from a community depend on the type of collection system used and may include the following: There are four types of wastewater flows available in the wastewater treatment. 1. Domestic (is also called sanitary) wastewater. This is kind of wastewater discharged from residences and from commercial,instutional , and house hold sewage toilet waste water, bath, sinks ,and canteen wastewater and similar facilities. 2. Industrial wastewater .this kind of wastewater in which industrial wastes predominate. 3. Infiltration/inflow .water that enters the sewer system through the indirect and direct means. The Infiltration is extraneous water enters that the sewer system through the leaking joints. 4. Storm water. Runoff resulting from rainfall and snowmelt. This kind of components of wastewater flows essentially used in the sewage treatment plant. 5.2 Waste water treatment: There are four different types of wastewater processing in available in sewage treatment plant. Primary treatment referred to physical unit operations. Secondary treatment referred to chemical and Biological unit process, and also Advanced or tertiary referred to combinations of all four other processing.  · Preliminary wastewater treatment: Preliminary wastewater treatment is defined as the removal of wastewater constituents that may causes to maintenance of the operational problems with the treatment of the operations. Examples of preliminary operations are screening and commutation for the removal of debris (J.Staudenmann, A. Schonborn, C. Etnier, 1996).primary wastewater treatment: In primary wastewater treatment, a portion of the suspended solids and organic material is removing from the waste water. This removal is usually accomplished with physical operations such as screening and sedimentation. The effluent from primary treatment will ordinarily contain considerable organic matter and will have relatively high BOD.treatment plants using only primary treatment will be phased out in the future as implementation of the EPA secondary treatment requirements is completed. Rare instances (for those communities having a secondary treatment waiver)will primary treatment be used as the sole method of treatment .the principal function of primary treatment will continue to be as a precursor to secondary treatment . * Conventional secondary wastewater treatment: The secondary treatment is directed principally toward the removal of bio degradable organics and suspended. Disinfection is included frequently in the definition of conventional secondary treatment is defined as the combination of processes customarily used for the removal of these constituents and includes biological treatment by activated sludge fixed film reactors, or lagoon systems and sedimentation.  · Advanced wastewater treatment/wastewater reclamation: Advanced wastewater treatment is defined as the level of treatment required beyond conventional secondary treatment to removing constituents of concern including toxic, nutrients, compounds, and larger amounts of organic material and suspended solids .In addition to the nutrient removal processes, unit operations or processes frequently employed in advanced wastewater treatment are chemical coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation followed by filtration and multi grade filter and also activated carbon filter. (George Tchobanoglous, FranKlin L.Burton, 1991,1979,1972). 6. STP BASED ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORS: 6.2 Principle: A Rotating biological contactor (RBC) is constructed of bundles of plastic packing attached radically to a shaft, forming a cylinder of media .the shaft is placed contour bottomed tank so that the media are submerged approximately 40 percent. the contactor surfaces are spaced so that during submergence in wastewater can enter the voids in the packing .when rotated out of the tank ,the liquid trickles out of the voids in the packing. when rotated out of the tank the liquid trickles out of the voids between surfaces and is replaced by air. A fixed film biological growth, similar to that on a trickling filter packing, adheres to the media surfaces. Alternating exposure to organics in the wastewater and oxygen in the air during rotation distributor. Excess the biomass sloughs from the media and is carried out in the processes effluent for gravity separation. A treatment system consists of primary sedimentation preceding and final sedimentation following the rotating biological contactors. Since the recirculation through RBC units is not normally practiced, only sufficient underflow from the final clarifier is returned to allow removal of excess of the biological solids in primary sedimentation and waste sludge similar to the character to the from trickling filter plant ,in withdrawn from the primary clarifiers disposal of waste. In large type of plants, a common shaft is placed over a contoured tank with the wastewater flow parallel to the shaft. A series of four stages are normally installed in the treatment of domestic wastewater for BOD reduction. additional stages may be added to initiate nitrification .Each stage acts as a completely mixed chamber and the movement of the wastewater through the series of tanks simulates plug flow. Biological solids washed off of the media are transported hydraulically under the baffles to be carried out with the effluent.RBC units are protected by installation either in a building with adequate ventilation or under separate plastic covers lined with insulation. The efficiency of BOD removal of in the processing domestic wastewater is based on empirical data from operating RBC plants. the Mathematical equations also have been developed ,but their prediction of the performance is not consistently reliable. the typically recommendations for secondary treatment of domestic wastewater to produce an effluent of less than 30 mg/l of BOD and also 30mg/l of suspended solids. (Mark J.Hammer Mark J.Hammer,Jr, 1996) TECHNICAL DETAILS OF RBC: DESCRIPTION MOC / MAK 1. Polymer sheet die 2m x 2 thk special polymer from Germany 2. RBC Trough poly propylene /FRP 3. RBC Support MS Resin Coated 4. Geared Motor (0.75HP) FLENDER 5. Input Coupling Love Joy 6. Drive Support Mild Steel 7. Bush Nylon 8. Shaft SS304 TANK SCHEDULE OF RBC : The following tanks used in sewage treatment plant based Rotating Biological contactor Processes. 1. Bar screen 2. Collection Tank 3. PIT 1,2,3 4. Flow divider 5. Sludge drying bed 6. Semi Treated water tank 7. Multi grade sand filter 8. Activated carbon filter 9. Treated water tank EQUIPMENT SCHEDULE The following equipments used in sewage treatment plant based Rotating Biological contactor processes. DESCRIPTION MODEL/HP QTY RBC 0.75 hp 1 Submersible Pump 1 Hp 2 Submersible Pump (Lamella) 1 Hp 1 Filter feed submersible pump 3 Hp 2 7. ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR PROCESS(60 KILO LITRE PER DAY): 2D 8. WATER CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT: Raw sewage characteristics: Domestic waste water: The volume of a wastewater from a community varies from 50 to 250 gal capital per day depending on the sewer system uses. A common values for domestic wastewater flow is 120 gpcd means 450 liter person per day use, which assumes that the residential waste water have modern water using appliances, such as automatic washing machines. the organic substances matter contributed per person per day in domestic wastewater is approximately 0.24 lb to 110gram of suspended solids and 0.20lb and 90 gram of BOD in communities where a substantial portion of the household kitchen wastes is designed is discharged to the sewer system through garbage grinders. In selection of data for design, the quantity of and organic strength of wastewater should be based on actual measurements taken through the year to account for variations resulting from seasonal climatic changes and other factors. the average values during the peak month may be used for design ,excluding un usual infiltration and inflow, the av erage daily sanitary wastewater flow during the maximum month of the year is commonly 20 to 30 percent greater than the average annual daily flow, excluding seasonal industrial wastes, the average daily BOD load from sanitary wastewater during the maximum month is greater than the annual ave